环境监测实验室标准物质的使用和管理中应关注的几个问题

从实验室认可和计量认证的需求出发,按照《检测和校准实验室能力认可准则》（简称《准则》）要求,对环境监测实验室如何正确使用和规范管理标准物质,保证监测数据的准确性、溯源性进行探讨。     

Dealing with Ambivalence: Farmers' and Consumers' Perceptions of Animal Welfare in Livestock Breeding

The results of an empirical study intoperceptions of the treatment of farm animals inthe Netherlands are presented. A qualitativeapproach, based on in-depth interviews withmeat livestock farmers and consumers was chosenin order to assess motivations behindperceptions and to gain insight into the waypeople deal with possible discrepancies betweentheir perceptions and their daily practices.Perceptions are analyzed with the help of aframe of reference, which consists ofvalues, norms, convictions, interests, andknowledge.The perceptions of the interviewed farmersare quite consistent and without exceptionpositive: according to them, nothing is wrongwith animal welfare in livestock breeding. Theperceptions of the consumers we interviewed aremore divergent, but generally negative. Bothgroups show ambivalence as a result ofdiscrepancies between perceptions and behavior.Although the consumers share the impressionthat the living conditions of livestock animalsare far from optimal, most of them still buyand eat meat from the meat industry. Thefarmers believe the welfare of their animals isgood, but, as frequent defensive utterancesshow, they feel uncomfortable with expressed orunexpressed accusations of mistreating animals.The ways the respondents deal with thisambivalence were analysed by drawing ontheories of dissonance reduction and distancing devices.Catherine and Raphaël Larrère(Larrère and Larrère, 2000) argue thatanimal rearing is a hierarchical relationshipwhose rules are to be found in the fiction of adomestic contract. We argue that the questionis not whether there should be a domesticcontract, because such a contract seems alreadyaccepted. However, since values and normsdiffer widely, not only among meat livestockfarmers and consumers, but also amongconsumers, the question remains as to whosevalues and norms should form the basis of thedomestic contract.     

Enantiomer fractions of chiral organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls in standard and certified reference materials

Enantiomeric ratios (ERs) and enantiomeric fractions (EFs) of a number of chiral organochlorine pesticides and PCB atropisomers were measured by chiral gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) in five standard (SRM) and certified (CRM) reference materials: SRM 1588a (organics in cod liver oil), SRM 1945 (organics in whale blubber), Marine Mammal Quality Assurance Exercise Control Material IV (NIST IV, organics in whale blubber), CRM trout, and CRM EC-5 (sediment). Target analytes were cis- and trans-chlordane, heptachlor exo-epoxide, oxychlordane, U82, MC5, MC6, MC7, o,p^′-DDT, and PCB congeners 91, 95, 136, 149, 174, 176, and 183. Measured ERs and EFs are in close agreement with the few literature values reported for some of these analytes in SRMs and CRMs. Chiral PCB ERs and EFs measured by one-dimensional chiral GC/MS were similar to values measured using multidimensional chiral GC/MS. Non-racemic chiral compositions are in agreement with known uptake and biotransformation in the respective environmental matrices. These values should aid in the quality assurance/quality control methodologies for chiral environmental chemistry using standardized reference materials.     

基于河流参照状态的季风区域季节性农业灰水足迹核算方法与例证

灰水足迹核算对水资源管理具有重要意义.灰水足迹核算的两个重要参数污染物自然本底浓度和污染物入河系数在季风区域均存在明显的季节性差异,而在之前灰水足迹核算的研究中较少考虑季风区域灰水足迹可能存在的季节性差异.本文以河流总磷的参照状态作为其自然本底浓度核算了承德市农业灰水足迹.结果发现：相较于将总磷自然本底浓度值认为零,将总磷参照状态作为其自然本底浓度值的农业灰水足迹核算结果是其核算结果的1.29倍.农业灰水足迹呈现明显的季节性差异,雨季农业灰水足迹是旱季农业灰水足迹的10.65倍.在2003—2015年承德市农业灰水足迹构成中,种植业灰水足迹占较大比重,并且该比重随时间有增大的趋势.然而,承德市区县粮食产量的增长率与化肥的增长率未表现出显著关系,说明粮食产量的增幅与化肥施用的增幅无关.承德市农业灰水足迹相对较大的区县集中于承德北部区域,主要包括围场县、丰宁县和隆化县;农业灰水足迹相对较小的区县为营子区、双滦区、双桥区和宽城县.本文可阐明季风区域农业灰水足迹核算的季节性差异,以期促进灰水足迹核算方法的发展.     

北方草地干旱指标

介绍了内蒙古自治区和青海、新疆省的草地干旱指标研究。通过对大量历史资料的统计分析得出0～30cm深土壤层的相对湿度与相对蒸降差这两个物理量,与牧草生长发育及产草量有密切的关系。三省、自治区分别以土壤相对湿度与相对蒸降差为指标,对草甸草原、典型草原、荒漠草原进行了干旱等级划分和检验,结果较为满意。     

STEP WISE,MULTIPLE OBJECTIVE CALIBRATION OF A HYDROLOGIC MODEL FOR A SNOWMELT DOMINATED BASIN1

ABSTRACT: The ability to apply a hydrologic model to large numbers of basins for forecasting purposes requires a quick and effective calibration strategy. This paper presents a step wise, multiple objective, automated procedure for hydrologic model calibration. This procedure includes the sequential calibration of a model's simulation of solar radiation (SR), potential evapotranspiration (PET), water balance, and daily runoff. The procedure uses the Shuffled Complex Evolution global search algorithm to calibrate the U.S. Geological Survey's Precipitation Runoff Modeling System in the Yampa River basin of Colorado. This process assures that intermediate states of the model (SR and PET on a monthly mean basis), as well as the water balance and components of the daily hydrograph are simulated consistently with measured values.     

MODELING EFFECTS OF BRUSH MANAGEMENT ON THE RANGELAND WATER BUDGET: EDWARDS PLATEAU,TEXAS1

ABSTRACT: The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) was used to evaluate the influence of woody plants on water budgets of semi‐arid rangelands in karst terrain. The model was configured for the hydrologic evaluation of the North Fork of the Upper Guadalupe River watershed and was calibrated and verified using measured flow data. Nash and Sutcliffe fit efficiencies for daily and monthly verification periods were 0.09 and 0.50, respectively. Streamflow, baseflow, and evapotranspiration (ET) rates were comparable to published field data. Simulated deep recharge was considerably higher than the published values for the Edwards Plateau. The model was then used to simulate conditions with existing brush cover and four different brush removal scenarios. Scenarios were created to represent existing brush and the removal of brush from only locations that were either covered by heavy brush, were on a moderate slope, or were in shallow soils. Resulting data was compared to previous studies of both field experiments and model simulations. Maximum brush removal resulted in a reduction in ET equal to 31.94 mm/yr depth over the entire basin, or 46.62 mm/yr depth over the treated area. Removal of heavy brush cover resulted in the greatest changes in evapotranspiration, surface runoff, base‐flow, and deep recharge. Slope was found to have the greatest effect on lateral subsurface flow.     

A COMPARISON OF SIX POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION METHODS FOR REGIONAL USE IN THE SOUTHEASTERN UNITED STATES1

ABSTRACT: Potential evapotranspiration (PET) is an important index of hydrologic budgets at different spatial scales and is a critical variable for understanding regional biological processes. It is often an important variable in estimating actual evapotranspiration (AET) in rainfall‐runoff and ecosystem modeling. However, PET is defined in different ways in the literature and quantitative estimation of PET with existing mathematical formulas produces inconsistent results. The objectives of this study are to contrast six commonly used PET methods and quantify the long term annual PET across a physiographic gradient of 36 forested watersheds in the southeastern United States. Three temperature based (Thornthwaite, Hamon, and Hargreaves‐Samani) and three radiation based (Turc, Makkink, and Priestley‐Taylor) PET methods are compared. Long term water balances (precipitation, streamflow, and AET) for 36 forest dominated watersheds from 0.25 to 8213 km² in size were estimated using associated hydrometeorological and land use databases. The study found that PET values calculated from the six methods were highly correlated (Pearson Correlation Coefficient 0.85 to 1.00). Multivariate statistical tests, however, showed that PET values from different methods were significantly different from each other. Greater differences were found among the temperature based PET methods than radiation based PET methods. In general, the Priestley‐Taylor, Turc, and Hamon methods performed better than the other PET methods. Based on the criteria of availability of input data and correlations with AET values, the Priestley‐Taylor, Turc, and Hamon methods are recommended for regional applications in the southeastern United States.     

武汉阳逻长江公路大桥设计风速值的研究

利用武汉市气象站1961～1999年的风的基本资料，分析了桥位周边平均风速、最大风速、大风日数、最多风向及频率、各风向平均风速及频率、历年的极值风速及大风危害等风的基本特征；建立了武汉市气象站1961～1995年的逐年最大风速序列(其中1989～1995年的逐年最大风速，通过与未受城市化影响的黄陂气象站的比较而进行了合理的订正)。根据建筑设计规范采用极值I型曲线，并用两种参数估计方案。推算出武汉市气象站不同重现期(100，50，30a)10m高处10min平均年最大风速(基本风速)分别为19．4m／s，18．4m／s和17．8m／s。采用比值法求出，从气象站到大桥江边最大风速的增大系数为1．54，从而得到桥位区不同重现期(100，50，30a)10m高处10min平均年最大风速(设计风速)分别为29．9m／s、28．3m／s和27．4m／s。最后分析了大风在146m高度内的变化特征，并采用指数和对数法将设计风速外推到200m以下每10m高度层，可供设计、施工及将来维护参考。     

HYDROLOGY OF TWO SMALL WETLAND BASINS IN EASTERN MASSACHUSETTS1

ABSTRACT: A hydrologic budget was prepared for two geologically different wetland basins in eastern Massachusetts for the 1971 water-year. Water table conditions prevailed at one wetland underlain by peat while an artesian system functioned at the other wetland which was underlain by muck. Hydrologic responses were generally similar at both wetlands, although each functioned differently in detail. Both wetlands exhibited high spring discharges and depressions of low flow. Ground water accounted for an estimated 93% of the total annual discharge from both wetlands; in late summer the peat deposit recharged the regional ground water body. Evapotranspiration in the spring was retarded in probable consequence of the extreme wetness of the wetland soils.