Watershed Evapotranspiration Increased due to Changes in Vegetation Composition and Structure Under a Subtropical Climate1

Abstract: Natural forests in southern China have been severely logged due to high human demand for timber, food, and fuels during the past century, but are recovering in the past decade. The objective of this study was to investigate how vegetation cover changes in composition and structure affected the water budgets of a 9.6‐km² Dakeng watershed located in a humid subtropical mountainous region in southern China. We analyzed 27 years (i.e., 1967‐1993) of streamflow and climate data and associated vegetation cover change in the watershed. Land use/land cover census and Normalized Difference of Vegetation Index (NDVI) data derived from remote sensing were used to construct historic land cover change patterns. We found that over the period of record, annual streamflow (Q) and runoff/precipitation ratio did not change significantly, nor did the climatic variables, including air temperature, Hamon’s potential evapotranspiration (ET), pan evaporation, sunshine hours, and radiation. However, annual ET estimated as the differences between P and Q showed a statistically significant increasing trend. Overall, the NDVI of the watershed had a significant increasing trend in the peak spring growing season. This study concluded that watershed ecosystem ET increased as the vegetation cover shifted from low stock forests to shrub and grasslands that had higher ET rates. A conceptual model was developed for the study watershed to describe the vegetation cover‐streamflow relationships during a 50‐year time frame. This paper highlighted the importance of eco‐physiologically based studies in understanding transitory, nonstationary effects of deforestation or forestation on watershed water balances.     

基于环境DNA宏条形码的青岚湖自然保护区鱼类组成及分布特征

为探究在不同引物、不同参考数据库下环境DNA技术检测结果的差异,于2021年4月,采用环境DNA宏条形码技术分析了青岚湖鱼类多样性。选取16S rRNA及Cytb 2种引物,NCBI及本地数据库2种数据库,分别进行比对注释。结果表明:在青岚湖29个采样点中,共检测到7目15科43属64种鱼类,其中在16S-NCBI情形下获得4目9科19属20种鱼类,在16S-本地数据库情形下获得6目13科27属38种鱼类,在Cytb-NCBI情形下获得4目6科16属19种鱼类,在Cytb-本地数据库情形下获得2目5科15属20种鱼类。在青岚湖29个采样点中,鱼类更多地分布于湖面宽阔的中间地带(如S31附近),且南部较北部更少,鱼种的分布呈现一定的空间相似性。就研究区域而言,选择16S rRNA引物及本地数据库可以获得更全面的鱼类物种。通过与青岚湖鱼类历史数据比对发现,环境DNA技术在研究区域具有较强的适用性,如能选择适当的引物和本地数据库,可以更全面地反映研究区域的物种组成情况。     

黄土高原陆地表层最大可能蒸散量的变化特征

基于黄土高原1961—2008年月平均气温、最高气温、最低气温、相对湿度、降水量、风速和日照百分率等气候要素资料,应用修订的Penman-Monteith(P-M)模型计算了最大可能蒸散量,分析其时空分布、异常分布特征和次区域时间演变特征。结果表明:1961—2008年间,黄土高原最大可能蒸散量多年平均在400~800 mm之间,大部分区域650~750 mm之间。一致性异常分布是黄土高原最大可能蒸散量的最主要空间模态。黄土高原最大可能蒸散量的异常空间分布可分为以下3个关键区:高原西北部区、高原东北部区和高原东南部区。高原西北部区域最大可能蒸散量呈显著增加趋势,且发生了突变现象;高原东北部区域最大可能蒸散量呈显著下降的趋势,也发生了突变;而高原东南部区域下降趋势不显著,未发生突变。黄土高原最大可能蒸散量的3个空间分区中,3 a的周期振荡表现得比较显著。     

Predicting Satisfaction with Smart Irrigation Controllers and Their Long‐Term Use among Homeowners in Central Florida

Studies throughout Florida have shown smart controllers can substantially reduce irrigation under residential high‐water use conditions. However, successful promotion requires understanding the link between controller performance and the mechanisms by which they are adopted. This article compares irrigation water‐use and survey data collected from households installed with soil moisture sensor and evapotranspiration controllers. The study investigated whether the relative change in irrigation use between two years preceding and two years following installation was a reliable predictor of a homeowner's satisfaction with the device and likelihood of continuing to use it. Results indicated relative changes in irrigation use were only significantly associated with the quality of controller programming. Satisfaction with the controller was largely attributable to satisfaction with the appearance of the landscape and the perceived water‐saving effectiveness of the controller whereas the likelihood of its continued use was only significantly predicted by the level of technical knowledge regarding its functioning and whether or not challenges were experienced with it. Targeting homeowners with supplemental user‐friendly information may best support their long‐term adoption of smart controllers while providing irrigation contractors with training in implementation techniques would represent an integrated strategy for added reductions in residential outdoor water use.     

发达国家（地区）农业现代化进程中农户与市场对接模式比较

通过对美国、日本、法国、我国台湾地区农户与市场对接模式的比较,发现依靠中间组织——农协、企业、农业合作组织等实现了农业流通现代化。基于此,结合我国农业现状和具体国情,提出从政府引导、农产品流通的组织建设、加强市场监管力度三个方面来实施我国农户与市场的对接,从而加快我国农业流通现代化进程和农业经济的可持续发展。     

THE VULNERABILITY OF WETLANDS TO CLIMATE CHANGE: A HYDROLOGIC LANDSCAPE PERSPECTIVE1

ABSTRACT: The vulnerability of wetlands to changes in climate depends on their position within hydrologic landscapes. Hydrologic landscapes are defined by the flow characteristics of ground water and surface water and by the interaction of atmospheric water, surface water, and ground water for any given locality or region. Six general hydrologic landscapes are defined; mountainous, plateau and high plain, broad basins of interior drainage, riverine, flat coastal, and hummocky glacial and dune. Assessment of these landscapes indicate that the vulnerability of all wetlands to climate change fall between two extremes: those dependent primarily on precipitation for their water supply are highly vulnerable, and those dependent primarily on discharge from regional ground water flow systems are the least vulnerable, because of the great buffering capacity of large ground water flow systems to climate change.     

基于标准化降水蒸散指数的陕西省近50 a干旱特征分析

基于陕西省18 个气象站点1961-2010 年实测气象资料,利用标准化降水蒸散指数(SPEI),通过计算各站历年逐月的SPEI 指数值,统计近50 a 各站点出现的干旱过程,分析了陕西省历年、历年各季及月尺度上的干旱发生频率、覆盖面积和干旱发生强度,揭示了陕西省干旱发生的时空和强度演变特征。研究结果表明,近50 a 来陕西省干旱发生频率呈明显的增长趋势,尤其是1990 年以来的近20 a;陕西省在年、春、夏、秋、冬及月尺度上均有干旱发生。其中,秋季干旱最为严重,春季次之。在年代际变化方面,全省以20 世纪90 年代干旱最为严重,2000 年以来的干旱次之;干旱出现既有全省性的大范围干旱,也有区域性的局部干旱,分布极不均匀,总体分布特征是北多南少;干旱发生强度分布呈现出关中最强、陕南次之、陕北最弱的特点。     

Emissions of SO2, NO and N2O in a circulating fluidized bed combustor during co-firing coal and biomass

This paper presents the experimental investigations of the emissions of SO2, NO and N2O in a bench scale circulating fluidized bed combustor for coal combustion and co-firing coal and biomass. The thermal capacity of the combustor is 30 kW. The setup is electrically heated during startup. The influence of the excess air, the degree of the air staging, the biomass share and the feeding position of the fuels on the emissions of SO2, NO and N2O were studied. The results showed that an increase in the biomass shares resulted in an increase of the CO concentration in the flue gas, probably due to the high volatile content of the biomass. In co-firing, the emission of SO2 increased with increasing biomass share slightly, however, non-linear increase relationship between SO2 emission and fuel sulfur content was observed. Air staging significantly decreased the NO emission without raising the SO2 level. Although the change of the fuel feeding position from riser to downer resulted in a decrease in the NO emission level, no obvious change was observed for the SO2 level. Taking the coal feeding position R as a reference, the relative NO emission could significantly decrease during co-firing coal and biomass when feeding fuel at position D and keeping the first stage stoichiometry greater than 0.95. The possible mechanisms of the sulfur and nitrogen chemistry at these conditions were discussed and the ways of simultaneous reduction of SO2, NO and N2O were proposed.     

土壤重金属污染风险筛选值划分方法:以Cd为例

《土壤环境质量农用地土壤污染风险管控标准(试行)》(GB 15618-2018)给出了我国土壤环境质量的风险筛选值,但由于不同地区土壤组分及理化性质等方面的差异,使得该值对某些地区存在局限性.基于《食品安全国家标准食品中污染物限量》(GB 2762-2017)中给出的农作物中污染物的限值,以渝东南主要农耕区土壤中Cd为例、元素生物有效态的含量为基础划分建议筛选值.此方法可为重金属生物有效性较高、较低或Se元素含量丰富等典型地区完善土壤重金属及健康元素阈值提供借鉴和参考.     

SMT法插标分析沉积物中磷的地球化学形态

SMT法是一种较为通用的沉积物磷地球化学形态分析方法,但分析结果的准确性和重现性成为制约其进一步应用的关键.本研究以我国沉积物标准样品GSD-12为标样,在详细研究该标样的SMT法提取的磷的各个地球化学形态含量的基础上,提出了插标法控制沉积物中磷地球化学形态的准确性和可比性.在对比了手工分析,Skalar仪器分析及ICP-MS仪器分析的结果之后,针对SMT法操作中存在的问题进行了探讨,提出了操作过程中的注意事项,提出了GSD-12中总磷(TP)、无机磷(IP)、有机磷(OP)、盐酸提取磷(HCl-P)和氢氧化钠提取磷(NaOH-P)等含量分别为(156±5),(77±2),(39±3),(41±2),(42±2)mg/kg,并将该标样用于太湖沉积物中磷形态测定的质量控制,取得了较为满意的结果.