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Summary 7-spot ladybirds secrete alkaloid (coccinelline)-rich fluid (reflex blood) from leg joints as a defence mechanism against predators. A technique is described that enables the collection and accurate quantification of reflex blood produced, and the amount of coccinelline therein. Coccinelline was found distributed throughout the body, although concentrated in the reflex blood. Reflex blood was collected from a large set of beetles at several time points. Significant variation was found among beetles in the amount of reflex blood produced (for males and for females corrected for body weight) and the coccinelline concentration of the reflex blood. The results are discussed in relation to automimicry and the maintenance of variation through energy trade-offs. The relationships between tendency to aggregate, ability to reflex bleed and the possession of aposematic coloration are also considered. 相似文献
12.
In many respects, the behavior of bumblebees is similar to that of the closely related honeybees, a long-standing model system
for learning and memory research. Living in smaller and less regulated colonies, bumblebees are physiologically more robust
and thus have advantages in particular for indoor experiments. Here, we report results on Pavlovian odor conditioning of bumblebees
using the proboscis extension reflex (PER) that has been successfully used in honeybee learning research. We examine the effect
of age, body size, and experience on learning and memory performance. We find that age does not affect learning and memory
ability, while body size positively correlates with memory performance. Foraging experience seems not to be necessary for
learning to occur, but it may contribute to learning performance as bumblebees with more foraging experience on average were
better learners. The PER represents a reliable tool for learning and memory research in bumblebees and allows examining interspecific
similarities and differences of honeybee and bumblebee behavior, which we discuss in the context of social organization. 相似文献
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陆玲 《城市环境与城市生态》2001,14(5):18-19
根据广义生态学关于宇宙生物统一性的原理,借助动物神经学和生物遗传学的有关理论,探讨了区域经济因素复合性条件反射的一般运动规律。区域经济生态系统机能系统有序运动的规律;区域经济生态系统细胞多性状融合与分化的规律;区域经济生态系统基因物质遗传和变异的规律。 相似文献