有机磷农药对海洋扁藻毒性构效关系的密度泛涵理论研究

采用密度泛函理论方法,在B3LYP/6-311G**水平上,计算了11个有机磷农药化合物的结构参数,将结构参数作为理论描述符,导出了有机磷类化合物的分子结构参数与2种盐度(S=20,S=30)下扁藻毒性(-lgEC50)的定量关系式(式(3)和(6)),并用交叉验证法验证,相关系数R分别为0.923 2和0.893 3,交叉验证相关系数q2分别为0.527 0和0.540 5.在此基础上,预测了11种有机磷农药的毒性.研究表明,所得预测方程有较好的稳定性和较强的预测能力.可用于有机磷化合物的-lgEC50预测.     

Ti/RuO2-TiO2-IrO2-SnO2电极电解氧化含氨氮废水

研究了含氨氮(NH^＋₄-N)废水在循环流动式电解槽中的电化学氧化,其中阳极为Ti/RuO₂-TiO₂-IrO₂-SnO₂网状电极,阴极为网状钛电极.考察了出水放置时间、进水流量和电流密度对氨氮去除的影响,并对能耗、阳极效率和瞬时电流效率（ICE）进行分析.结果表明,在氯离子浓度为400　mg/L,初始氨氮浓度为40 　mg/L时,进水流量对氨氮去除的影响不大,电流密度的影响比较大.在进水流量为600 mL/min,电流密度为20 mA/cm² ,电解时间为90 min时,氨氮去除率为99.37％,去除1 kg氨氮的能耗和阳极效率为500 kW·h和 2.68 h·m²·A,瞬时电流效率（ICE）为0.28.表明电解氧化含氨氮废水具有较好的应用前景.     

基于微生物燃料电池技术的多元生物质生物产电研究进展

微生物燃料电池(microbial fuel cell,MFC)是一种使用微生物作为催化剂,直接将生物质能转化为电能的装置,为生物质的利用提供了新的途径.底物类型和底物浓度对于MFC的性能至关重要.使用小分子酸、醇或葡萄糖等简单有机物为底物时,MFC功率输出较高.但当底物为结构复杂的有机物时,为了提高MFC功率输出和底物降解效率,可以采用物理、化学手段对其进行预处理、采用天然菌群进行生物预降解或者添加简单有机物进行底物强化.基于多元生物质MFC技术未来将应用于污水中生物质能回收、偏远地区供电和生物传感器等方面.     

海河流域土壤有机碳储量及分布特征研究

以海河流域为研究对象,在GIS技术支持下,根据流域的土壤类型图和土地利用类型图分析了海河流域土壤有机碳密度和碳储量及其空间分布特征.结果表明,海河流域土壤1 m厚度以内土体中土壤有机碳密度在1.62～49.49 kg/m2,其中低于土壤平均有机碳密度的土壤有11种,所占面积比例为55％.海河流域土壤有机碳密度总体上空间分布差异较大,并且呈现由南向北逐渐增加的趋势.海河流域土壤有机碳储量约2 481.94 Tg,其中褐土有机碳储量最大,约为流域总量的1/3;潮土是分布最广的土类,也是流域最重要的农业耕作土类,蕴含着688.98Tg的土壤有机碳储量.海河流域主要土地利用类型为耕地、林地及草地,所占面积比例约94％,各自的土壤有机碳密度均低于全国平均水平,而农业土壤潮土的大面积分布、成熟林和高覆盖度草地所占面积比例低是造成流域土壤有机碳储量水平低的主要原因.     

萼花臂尾轮虫毒性试验的方法学研究

为尝试以群体取代个体作为轮虫室内毒性试验目标物的可行性,本项研究以萼花臂尾轮虫(Brachionus calyciflorus)作为实验生物开展相关实验,建立生命表并确定接种密度对于种群生长率的影响,并且用3种农药(毒死蜱、丁草胺、三唑酮)开展了轮虫毒性试验。生命表实验结果表明,轮虫的平均寿命和世代周期分别为(78.76±33.08)h和(51.56±20.55)h。接种密度实验结果表明,随着接种密度的提高,轮虫种群增长率呈下降趋势。基于接种密度实验的结果,毒性试验以35个·(100 m L)-1作为受试种群的起始密度,试验周期定为144 h。毒性试验结果显示,毒死蜱对轮虫的96 h-EC50和120 h-EC50分别为0.6066 mg·L-1和0.7323mg·L-1;丁草胺对轮虫的96 h-EC50和120 h-EC50分别为1.851 mg·L-1和3.058 mg·L-1;三唑酮对轮虫的96 h-EC50和120 h-EC50分别为12.84 mg·L-1和11.63 mg·L-1。本项研究的结果肯定了以群体取代个体作为轮虫室内毒性试验目标物的可行性。     

密云水库上游流域土壤有机碳和全氮密度影响因素研究

为揭示影响密云水库上游流域土壤有机碳(soil organic carbon,SOC)和全氮(total nitrogen,TN)密度的主要因子,采用野外采样、实验室分析和数理统计分析相结合的方法,研究了气候(温度和降水)、地形(海拔和坡度)、土壤理化性质(土壤容重、含水量、pH值和黏粒含量)以及土地利用方式等因素对SOC和TN密度的影响.结果表明,密云水库上游流域森林、草地、农田这3种土地利用类型表层(0～20 cm)SOC密度分别为4.77、6.79和2.90 kg.m-2,TN密度分别为0.41、0.69和0.30kg.m-2,3种土地利用类型之间SOC和TN密度差异显著(P<0.05);土壤含水量、土地利用方式、坡度、土壤pH值和黏粒含量是影响SOC密度的主要因子,土地利用方式、土壤黏粒含量和含水量则是影响TN密度的主要因子;气候、地形、土壤理化性质等区域环境因子共同解释了SOC和TN密度变异性的63.6%和53.4%,而环境因子和土地利用方式对SOC和TN密度变异性的综合解释程度分别为67.6%和57.8%.土地利用对SOC和TN密度变异性的贡献相对于环境因子而言较小,因此,建立高空间分辨率的区域环境因子数据库将是精确估算区域土壤碳氮贮量的关键环节.     

阴极电极面积和膜面积对H型MFCs产电能力的影响

以生活污水为底物,碳棒作电极,构建H型瓶式微生物燃料电池(microbial fuel cells,MFCs),研究了阴极电极面积和膜面积对电池产电能力的影响.阳极以厌氧污泥作接种体,两室分隔物使用阳离子交换膜(cation exchange membrane,CEM),阳极不使用中介体,阴极使用无催化剂的普通碳电极....     

Influence and mechanism of N-(3-oxooxtanoyl)-L-homoserine lactone (C8-oxo-HSL) on biofilm behaviors at early stage

N-acyl-homoserines quenching, enzymatic quenching of bacterial quorum sensing, has recently applied to mitigate biofilm in membrane bioreactor. However, the effect of AHLs on the behavior of biofilm formation is still sparse. In this study, Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm was formed on ultra-filtration membrane under a series of N-(3-oxooxtanoyl)-L-homoserine lactone (C₈-oxo-HSL) concentrations. Diffusing C₈-oxo-HSL increased the growth rate of cells on biofilm where the concentration of C₈-oxo-HSL was over 10^-7 g/L. The C₈-oxo-HSL gradient had no observable influence on cell density and extracellular polymeric substances of biofilm with over 10^-7 g/L C₈-oxo-HSL. Surprisingly, 10^-11-10^-8 g/L of C₈-oxo-HSL had no effect on cell growth in liquid culture. The cell analysis demonstrated that the quorum sensing system might enhance the growth of neighboring cells in contact with surfaces into biofilm and may influence the structure and organization of biofilm.     

干旱区三工河流域土壤有机碳储量及空间分布特征

精确估算干旱区流域生态系统土壤有机碳库是进行干旱区土壤碳循环研究的重要前提。论文利用改进的土壤类型法--基于网格的土壤类型法,以干旱区典型的三工河流域为例,精确估算流域土壤碳储量,分析土壤碳密度的空间分布特征,为干旱区土壤碳循环研究提供数据支撑。研究结果显示,三工河流域0~20cm土壤有机碳储量为14.35Tg,平均土壤有机碳密度为6.70kgC/m²,其中山地灰褐土土壤有机碳密度最大,这主要是受中山带较低的气温和丰富的森林凋落物的影响;流域土壤有机碳密度表现出了明显的垂直地带性和水平地带性特征,即碳密度从山地区、丘陵区、绿洲区到荒漠区呈逐渐减小的趋势,且随海拔高度的降低碳密度逐渐减小。     

Extrapair paternity in the swamp sparrow, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Melospiza georgiana</Emphasis>: male access or female preference?

Over the past two decades, the combination of molecular and field methods has revealed considerable variation in the level of extrapair fertilizations among socially monogamous birds. Models predicting extrapair young range in scale from a single population to multiple Orders, and there is no single, unifying theory for these reproductive tactics. We investigated proximate explanations of extrapair fertilizations in two subspecies of the swamp sparrow, Melospiza georgiana georgiana and Melospiza georgiana nigrescens, across a range of social and environmental conditions. The presence of extrapair young was best predicted by the size of two male plumage badges (one correlated with parental care and one with territorial aggression) relative to the badge size of their immediate neighbors, the interaction of these two measures, mean territory size, and the maximum size of the aggression badge among neighbors. The size of the male’s parental care badge (relative to neighbors) was negatively correlated with the probability of lost paternity. The relative size of the aggression badge was positively correlated with the presence of extrapair young when the parental care badge was small and negatively correlated when the badge was large. Controlling for these crown measures, males with larger territories were less likely to suffer losses in paternity. There was no effect of breeding density, breeding synchrony, their interaction, subspecies, or weather during the fertile period on the presence of extrapair young. These results suggest that female preference for males that provide more parental care (or preference for genes that convey this trait) plays a dominant role in extrapair interactions among swamp sparrows. Models based on female assessments of relative mate quality offer a promising explanation of patterns in extrapair fertilizations among bird species.