基于熵权TOPSIS法的火电厂选址综合决策

目前火电厂选址的综合评价方法主要依赖专家评判确定指标权重,主观性强、评分标准难以准确把握及合理运用.本文针对以上不足,将基于熵权的TOPSIS法应用于火电厂选址的综合决策,通过运用熵权法客观确定了选址评价体系各指标的权重,并构造了理想解与负理想解,以方案指标向量靠近理想解、远离负理想解来判断确定方案的优劣,同时结合实例...     

造纸废水的电离辐射预处理工艺研究

造纸废水是我国污染最为严重的难降解工业废水之一,研究了电离辐射处理造纸废水的可行性,探讨了混凝、辐照以及混凝-辐照组合工艺对废纸造纸废水的COD、BOD<,5>、吸光度、DOC以及有机物相对分子质量分布的影响.实验发现,造纸废水的COD主要是由相对分子质量<3 000的有机物构成,相对分子质量为1 000～3 000的...     

双衬层污水池渗漏检测系统的应用研究

近年来,污水处理成为环境保护的热点话题,对污水池进行实时监测防止对环境造成污染是必要的安防手段。通过对污水池结构及电学特性的分析,建立了双衬层污水池渗漏检测系统。利用高压直流电法对污水池人工合成衬层(HDPE)进行漏洞检测,主防渗层检测系统对主防渗层是否泄漏进行定性检测,次防渗层检测系统对次防渗层出现的漏洞进行定位。这样有助于减少大量的数据处理。通过试验检验,当主防渗层存在漏洞时回路电流能达到电源电流的90%以上;当次防渗层存在漏洞时通过等势图的绘制能确定漏洞所在位置。     

基于RRM模型的三峡库区重庆开县消落区土地利用生态风险评价

以三峡库区重庆开县消落区为研究对象,基于风险度量的基本原理,在实地考察、历史资料考证和2007年遥感影像景观分类的基础上引入相对风险模型,将研究区划分为4个风险单元,并选取5种生境类型、5类风险源和3种生态受体,以此计算该地区不同风险小区土地利用的综合生态风险值,并依据生态风险值的高低划分为4级.研究结果表明,在消落区内,风险等级随着土地出露水面海拔高度的增加而加大,在海拔达到170m以上的消落区生态系统受到的伤害更大.作物种植等风险源对生物物种、生态系统等生态受体的作用是生态风险增大的主要原因,其中,生物物种受到的风险最大,其次为生态系统、景观格局.研究结果可为三峡库区的环境保护和生态风险管理决策提供科学依据.     

基于新型反应器的好氧颗粒污泥的稳定性控制

为避免好氧颗粒污泥随着粒径和密度的变化屡次出现其稳定性失去控制,导致好氧颗粒污泥系统运行失败的状况发生,开发了一种新型反应器能够很好地控制好氧颗粒污泥的粒径和密度.新反应器结合旋流器的使用提供了2种排泥方式,其一是短的沉淀时间,将大粒径和高密度的颗粒污泥存留在反应器中;其二是一种专有的污泥排除工艺,选择出反应器内潜在的可能存在进一步粒径增长和密度扩大从而破坏反应器运行稳定的大粒径和高密度的颗粒,并将其排除.以上2种方式保证了反应器内颗粒污泥的粒径长期维持在300～1 000μm,进而维持整个系统的稳定性.对新型反应器生成的颗粒污泥进行动力学参数的测定,该工艺所形成颗粒的能量维持系数为0.08～0.10,就新陈代谢活动的代谢途径而言,相比传统颗粒污泥系统发生较大改变,维持新陈代谢活动所消耗COD较传统工艺偏高.另外,出水水质COD的降解率平均达到92%,氨氮降解率平均达到60%.     

长江口海域悬浮物的粒度特征与成因分析

利用现场激光粒度仪(LISST-100X C型),在不扰动天然细颗粒泥沙絮凝体的情况下,于2008年7月在长江口海域测量了24个站位不同层次悬浮絮凝体的粒径分布和体积浓度.结合同步测得的海水温度、盐度和浊度数据,得出了长江口海域悬浮物的粒度特征并进行了成因分析.长江口观测海域悬浮物的平均中值粒径为4.69φ,粒级分布具有分选较差、峰态宽、近对称的特征.悬浮絮凝体的垂向平均体积含量随离岸距离的增加而显著降低,而中值粒径却具有增大的趋势;在31.0°N断面,平均中值粒径从11μm增加到了60μm.随着离岸距离的增加,细颗粒悬浮泥沙的含量显著降低,而一些粒径较大的生物体或大粒径絮凝体的含量相对增多,造成了中值粒径的明显增大.本次观测所得的有效密度在246~1 334 kg/m3之间,平均为613kg/m3.当悬浮物含量较高时,由于大絮凝体比小絮凝体的沉降速度快,大絮凝体有效密度小于小絮凝体,从而导致悬浮物的中值粒径随水深的增大而明显增大,絮凝体有效密度随水深的增加而减小;37和44站有效密度与中值粒径的相关系数均在0.9以上.     

Intraspecific competition and high food availability are associated with insular gigantism in a lizard

Resource availability, competition, and predation commonly drive body size evolution. We assess the impact of high food availability and the consequent increased intraspecific competition, as expressed by tail injuries and cannibalism, on body size in Skyros wall lizards (Podarcis gaigeae). Lizard populations on islets surrounding Skyros (Aegean Sea) all have fewer predators and competitors than on Skyros but differ in the numbers of nesting seabirds. We predicted the following: (1) the presence of breeding seabirds (providing nutrients) will increase lizard population densities; (2) dense lizard populations will experience stronger intraspecific competition; and (3) such aggression, will be associated with larger average body size. We found a positive correlation between seabird and lizard densities. Cannibalism and tail injuries were considerably higher in dense populations. Increases in cannibalism and tail loss were associated with large body sizes. Adult cannibalism on juveniles may select for rapid growth, fuelled by high food abundance, setting thus the stage for the evolution of gigantism.     

Biased sex ratio and low population density increase male mating success in the bug Nysius huttoni (Heteroptera: Lygaeidae)

Demographic factors such as operational sex ratio (OSR) and local population density (LPD) are temporally and spatially dynamic in the natural environment but the influence of these variables on male mating success and the mechanisms behind it are still poorly understood and highly controversial. Here, we manipulated the OSR and LPD of a seed bug, Nysius huttoni, and carried out a series of mating trials to test how these variables affected male mating success. The two demographic factors had no significant interactions, suggesting that they affect male mating success independently in N. huttoni. In this species male mating success was significantly higher in both male- and female-biased OSR than in even OSR. It is suggested that, in male-biased OSR, the increased intensity of competition and interference does not result in lower male mating success; rather, males may make more effort in courting and females may have more chance to encounter better males, resulting in higher male mating success. In female-biased OSR, females may become less choosy and less likely to reject male mating attempt, leading to the higher male mating success. Lower male mating success in N. huttoni in high LPD may be due to increased interference between males and/or delayed female receptiveness for mating. OSR had a stronger effect on male mating success than LPD in N. huttoni, suggesting that OSR and LPD affect mating success in different ways and intensities.     

双衬层填埋场电法渗漏检测影响因素分析

双衬层填埋场采用电法进行渗漏检测时,漏洞电流大小、检测电极与防渗层之间的距离、介质的电阻率以及供电电极的位置皆可影响检测效果。分别对以上几个因素进行了仿真分析,结果显示:漏洞电流越大、检测电极距防渗层越近、供电电极与漏洞的水平距离越远,检测效果越好;而渗滤液污染导致的局部土壤电阻率变低,则使检测效果变差。     

3种赤潮藻对褶皱臂尾轮虫的急性毒性效应

应用急性毒性试验方法,研究了可控生态条件下不同密度的东海原甲藻(Prorocentrum donghaiense Lu)、赤潮异弯藻 (Heterosigma akashiwo Hada)和塔玛亚历山大藻(Alexandrium tamarense Balech) 对褶皱臂尾轮虫（Brachionus plicatilis）的致死率和种群增长参数的影响. 结果表明,东海原甲藻、赤潮异弯藻和塔玛亚历山大藻对褶皱臂尾轮虫24 h的LC₅₀分别为3.56、 1.21和0.49 (×10⁴　cells/mL); 3种赤潮藻在对褶皱臂尾轮虫的致毒过程中均表现了明显的密度效应; 10⁴cells/mL的东海原甲藻藻体,10⁵cells/mL的赤潮异弯藻滤液和藻内容物以及10³ cells/mL的塔玛亚历山大藻滤液、藻内容物和藻体对褶皱臂尾轮虫有显著的抑制效应,且抑制作用随藻密度的增加而增强.