长江三角洲地区土壤无机碳库研究

土壤碳库变化对于全球温室效应、全球碳循环有重大的影响。研究基于最新完成的1〖DK〗∶250 000多目标地球化学调查及相关研究成果,运用地理信息系统软件ARCGIS 92、统计分析软件SPSS130,对长江三角洲地区0~20、0~100、0~180 cm深度土壤无机碳密度及储量做出实测统计。长江三角洲地区0~20、0~100、0~180 cm深度土壤无机碳库储量分别为5099、35647、67726Tg,无机碳密度分别为070、490、930 kg/m2。研究区主要分布土壤为水稻土、潮土,水稻土0~20、0~100、0~180 cm深度土壤无机碳密度分别为057、385、886 kg/m2;潮土无机碳密度分别为117、854 、1537 kg/m2。研究提供最新的土壤无机碳库实测统计信息,弥补中国区域土壤无机碳库清单的空白,完善了中国区域土壤碳库清单,为研究中国区域土壤碳固定潜力、深入全面理解区域碳循环提供了基准数据.     

Exposure of acid aerosol for schoolchildren in metropolitan Taipei

Metropolitan Taipei, which is located in the subtropical area, is characterized by high population and automobile densities. For convenience, most primary schools are located near major roads. This study explores the exposure of acid aerosols for schoolchildren in areas in Taipei with different traffic densities. Acid aerosols were collected by using a honeycomb denuder filter pack sampling system (HDS). Experimental results indicated that the air pollutants were significantly correlated with traffic densities. The ambient air NO₂, SO₂, HNO₃, NO₃⁻, SO₄²⁻, and aerosol acidity concentrations were 31.3 ppb, 4.7 ppb, 1.3 ppb, 1.9 μg m⁻³, 18.5 μg m⁻³, and 49.5 nmol m⁻³ in high traffic density areas, and 6.1 ppb, 1.8 ppb, 0.9 ppb, 0.7 μg m⁻³, 8.8 μg m⁻³ and 14.7 nmol m⁻³ in low traffic density areas. The exposure levels of acid aerosols for schoolchildren would be higher than the measurements because the sampling height was 5 m above the ground. The SO₂ levels were low (0.13–8.03 ppb) in the metropolitan Taipei. However, the SO₄²⁻ concentrations were relatively high, and might be attributed to natural emissions of sulfur-rich geothermal sources. The seasonal variations of acid aerosol concentrations were also observed. The high levels of acidic particles in spring time may be attributed to the Asian dust storm and low height of the mixture layer. We conclude that automobile contributed not only the primary pollutants but also the secondary acid aerosols through the photochemical reaction. Schoolchildren were exposed to twice the acid aerosol concentrations in high traffic density areas compared to those in low traffic density areas. The incidence of allergic rhinitis of schoolchildren in the high traffic density areas was the highest in spring time. Accompanied by high temperature variation and high levels of air pollution in spring, the health risk of schoolchildren had been observed.     

高喷插芯组合桩极限承载力的灰色预测

高喷插芯组合桩(JPP)是一种新的桩型,具有承载力高、造价低等优点。许多工程单桩的静载荷试验只能加到两倍设计荷载,无法达到试桩的极限或破坏荷载,因此利用有限的实测数据比较准确地预测高喷插芯组合桩的极限承载力具有一定的现实意义。根据灰色理论,介绍了预测单桩竖向极限承载力的自调整非等步长GM(1,1)模型,讨论了三种不同的灰色模型在有限的实测数据条件下预测单桩极限承载力以及荷载—沉降关系的方法。通过对达到破坏和未达到破坏的工程实例的分析计算,证明三种模型的预测精度是令人满意的,其中等维新息模型预测精度最高。     

Heavy metal sources identification and sampling uncertainty analysis in a field-scale vegetable soil of Hangzhou, China

At a field-scale (6.7 ha), 100 surface soil samples were collected from a vegetable field to determine total concentrations of Cd, Co, Cu, Hg, Mn, Ni and Zn. To identify possible sources of these metals and characterize their spatial variation, classic statistic and geostatistic techniques were applied. Through correlation and geostatistical analysis, it was found that the primary inputs of Co, Mn and Ni were due to pedogenic sources, whereas the sources of Hg and Cd were mainly due to human activities. Because of their different sources, their variations followed: Hg > Cd ≈ Cu > Zn ≈ Co ≈ Mn ≈ Ni. Based on their relationships with other soil properties, co-kriging was used to minimize sampling density. Sampling numbers for Cd, Cu, Zn, Mn, Co and Ni can be reduced from 100 to 90, 80, 70, 60, 60 and 60, respectively, without losing accuracy relative to ordinary kriging.     

The Relative Importance of Road Density and Physical Watershed Features in Determining Coastal Marsh Water Quality in Georgian Bay

We used a GIS-based approach to examine the influence of road density and physical watershed features (watershed size, wetland cover, and bedrock type) on water quality in coastal marshes of Georgian Bay, Ontario. We created a GIS that included landscape information and water-quality data from a 9-year synoptic survey of 105 coastal marshes covering 28 quaternary watersheds. Multiple regressions and partial correlations were used to discern confounding effects of human-induced (road density) versus natural physical watershed determinants of water quality. Road density was the dominant factor influencing many water quality variables, showing positive correlations with specific conductivity (COND), total suspended solids (TSS), and inorganic suspended solids (ISS) and a negative correlation with overall Water Quality Index scores. Road density also showed positive correlations with total nitrate nitrogen (TNN) and total phosphorus (TP). By comparison, larger watershed area was the main factor leading to elevated TP concentrations. The proportion of the watershed occupied by wetlands explained the largest amount of variation in TNN concentrations (negative correlation) and was also negatively correlated with COND and positively correlated with TSS and ISS when we controlled for road density. Bedrock type did not have a significant effect in any of the models. Our findings suggest that road density is currently the overriding factor governing water quality of coastal marshes in Georgian Bay during the summer low-flow period. We recommend that natural variation in physical watershed characteristics be considered when developing water quality standards and management practices for freshwater coastal areas.     

Degradation of greenhouse twines derived from natural fibers and biodegradable polymer during composting

Commercial composting operations generally do not accept organic wastes with plastic twines from the greenhouse vegetable industry and the bulk of the waste materials ends up in landfills. The objectives of this paper are to identify environmentally compatible substitutes that could replace the current use of petrochemically derived plastic twines in greenhouse vegetable production, thus diverting them from landfills, and to assess the extent of their degradation via composting. Physical properties of the twines, including linear density, percent weight loss and tensile strength were monitored for the biodegradation tests. A pilot-scale composting trial was conducted in an in-vessel composting system. Results showed that the three biodegradable twine materials (cotton, jute and EcoPLA) could degrade readily in a composting environment within a reasonable time frame. Specifically, at the end of 105 days of composting, 85.3%, 84.8% and 81.1% of weight loss was observed for cotton, jute and EcoPLA, respectively. Furthermore, EcoPLA exhibited a slower decline in tensile strength with time, when compared to jute and cotton.     

Low toxicant concentrations decrease the frequency of fast-growing seedlings at high densities of annual baby's breath (Gypsophila elegans)

Very low toxicant concentrations reduce the frequency of most vital seedlings in dense stands in vitro.     

表面处理对芳纶无纬布防弹性能的影响

本文对芳纶无纬布的表面处理进行了研究,对比了处理前后的面密度、表面光滑柔软性能、厚度、防水性能以及防弹性能。通过比较可知,经过表面处理后,芳纶无纬布不仅实现了防水功能,且其防弹性能没有下降。这说明,此处理方法可行,适合推广。     

奎河污水可生化性研究

详细阐述了废水可生化性的评价及测试方法。采集奎河断面污水,分析测定其化学耗氧量(CODCr)和生化需氧量(BOD5)。用BOD5/CODCr比值评价其污水的可生化性,并应用瓦勃氏呼吸仪测定生化呼吸线和相对耗氧速率与时间关系的曲线作进一步分析,结果表明:奎河污水是可生化的。这为城市污水处理厂选择污水处理方法提供理论依据。