What shapes municipalities’ perceptions of fairness in windpower developments?

ABSTRACT

Siting controversies have become familiar in windpower development. Process and outcome fairness in the form of economic benefits to local communities and inclusion in decision-making processes are recognised as important elements in local acceptance of windpower installations. To these, we add the concept of “relative fairness” influencing perceptions of overall fairness. In this article, we examine why Norwegian municipalities agree to host windpower, and the role of process, outcome and relative fairness in this decision. Municipalities are central in providing welfare services, and in ensuring a viable local economy and local workplaces. Process fairness is important, as is evident when municipalities have little influence in the detailed planning of the plants. Also, outcome fairness, in the form of economic compensation – particularly through property tax – is decisive for positive attitudes towards windfarms, as municipalities can strengthen their role as welfare providers and boost local economic activities. Less emphasised are the effects on global climate and national climate goals. However, effects on local landscape and nature are also important for municipalities, as became clear when the national government proposed withdrawing the municipalities’ possibilities of levying property taxes. The municipalities argue that it is only fair to receive something in return for hosting windmills, and relative fairness is important to their argument for equal treatment regarding hydro- and wind-power electricity production in the form of a natural resource tax.     

Effects of Temperature and Relative Humidity on Polylactic Acid Plastic Degradation

Three high molecular weight (120,000 to 200,000 g mol^–1) polylactic acid (PLA) plastic films from Chronopol (Ch-I) and Cargill Dow Polymers (GII and Ca-I) were analyzed for their degradation under various temperature and relative humidity (RH) conditions. Two sets of plastic films, each containing 11 samples, were randomly hung in a temperature/humidity-controlled chamber by means of plastic-coated paper clips. The tested conditions were 28, 40, and 55°C at 50 and 100% RH, respectively, and 55°C at 10% RH. The three tested PLA films started to lose their tensile properties when their weight-average molecular weight (M _w) was in the range of 50,000 to 75,000 g mol^–1. The average degradation rate of Ch-I, GII, and Ca-I was 28,931, 27,361, and 63,025 M _w/week, respectively. Hence, GII had a faster degradation rate than Ch-I and Ca-I under all tested conditions. The degradation rate of PLA plastics was enhanced by the increase in temperature and relative humidity. This trend was observed in all three PLA plastics (Ca-I, GII, and Ch-I). Of the three tested films, Ch-I was the first to lose its mechanical properties, whereas Ca-I demonstrated the slowest loss, with mechanical properties under all tested conditions.     

赣中南柑橘果实生长发育规律与栽培技术关系

通过果实体积的累积生长量,日均生长速度和相对生长速率三个指标的测定。可得到各类果实生长的“Ｓ”形曲线。生长呈三个时期,第一期为细胞分裂期,这个时期,生长速度较慢,而相对生长速率最高,是是实生长能力最高阶段;第二期为细胞膨大期,生长速度最快时期,而相对生长速率则呈下降趋势;第三期为成熟期,日均生长速度和相对生长速率都是低速和稳定时期。主要内部生理变化,柑橘各类果 个指标各异,此外,果实生长过程中,有     

AN EXAMINATION OF RELATIVE PERMEABILITY RELATIONS FOR TWO-PHASE FLOW IN POROUS MEDIA1

ABSTRACT: A key parameter in modeling two-phase flow phenomena is relative permeability. It is important to understand which variables influence relative permeability, especially since so few measurements of relative permeability have been made for typical contaminants at hazardous waste sites. This paper focuses on the effect of five variables on relative permeability: intrinsic permeability, pore-size distribution, viscosity ratio, interfacial tension, and wettability, by critically reviewing previously published relative permeability experiments. The wide variability in the functional relationship between relative permeability and saturation should be considered in attempts to model two-phase flow.     

RESISTANCE TO FLOW OVER RIPRAP IN STEEP CHANNELS1

ABSTRACT: A series of flume tests were conducted to determine the flow resistance of angular shaped riprap in steep channels. Flow resistance was expressed in terms of the Darcy-Weisbach friction factor and the Manning's roughness coefficient. Prototype channels of 4 ft. (1.2 m) and 12 ft. (3.7 m) in width were constructed at slopes ranging from 0.01 to 0.20. The channel beds were comprised of angular riprap of median diameters of 1, 2, 4, 5, and 6 inches (2.59, 5.59, 10.41, 12.95, and 15.75 cms). The Darcy-Weisbach and Manning's coefficients were determined for each test condition prior to bed failure. The resulting Darcy-Weisbach coefficients were related to the channel energy gradient and the bed relative submergence for highly turbulent flow. Also, Manning's roughness coefficients were related to the product of the median stone diameter and energy gradient. Because of the angular shape of the riprap and the wedging and/or packing of the bed materials, the resistance to flow was found to exceed the flow resistance values predicted by previous studies. Expressions were presented for estimating the resistance to flow for angular riprap in steep channels.     

The Precision of Precipitation Chemistry Measurements in the Canadian Air and Precipitation Monitoring Network (CAPMoN)

Precision estimates are presented for precipitation chemistry and depth measurements made by the Canadian Air and Precipitation Monitoring Network (CAPMoN). The estimates were made for daily measurements of ion concentration and precipitation depth as well as for weekly, 28-day, seasonal and annual precipitation-weighted mean concentrations and depths. The data on which the estimates are based were collected from collocated samplers at five CAPMoN sites during the period 1985 to 1993. The data pairs from the collocated samplers were used to calculate the between-instrument error defined as 1/2 times the difference between the paired sample concentrations (or depths). For all of the ion concentrations and depths, the between-sampler errors were found not to be normally distributed, but the normality of the distributions improved with the length of the (volume-weighting) time period considered. A set of quantitative measures of overall network precision were derived in absolute (mg L^-1) and relative (%) units. These included the Modified Median Absolute Deviation (M.MAD), the P90% probability values and the Coefficient of Variation (CoV). The latter, defined as the percent ratio of the M.MAD to the median concentration (or depth), represents the relative precision at the center of the error and concentration (and depth) distributions. Based on the CoV values, the relative precision of the CAPMoN measurements was very high (better than 4%) for SO ₄ ^2- , NO ₃ ^- , pH, H⁺, NH ₄ ⁺ , sample depth and standard gauge depth, and not as high (between 10 and <35%) for Cl^-, Na⁺, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, and K⁺. The ions with the lowest median concentrations had the poorest relative precision since so many of the concentrations were at or near the analytical detection limit. Except for the sample and standard gauge depths, both the absolute and relative precision improved with the length of the precipitation-weighting period. Detailed statistical testing established that the precision of the daily measurements is dependent on a number of factors, the most dominant being sample depth and concentration, i.e., the absolute precision improves with increasing sample depth and decreasing concentration. The strength of these relationships diminished with the length of the precipitation-weighting period being considered. Laboratory-related sources of imprecision were found to account for less than 4% of the overall daily measurement imprecision for most species, while field-related sources of imprecision accounted for the balance. Specialized plots are shown which allow data users to estimate the absolute and relative precision at any concentration and depth value.     

富营养化湖泊藻华腐解产生的溶解性有机质动态变化及其环境效应

富营养化和有害藻华是湖泊面临的主要环境问题,富营养化湖泊藻华在后期会发生衰亡和腐解并产生大量藻源溶解性有机质（DOM）,影响水体DOM的质量和活性,并对关键元素的生物地球化学循环产生重要调控作用.为探究不同富营养化程度湖泊水体藻华腐解过程,对藻华腐解过程中水体DOM总量、生物有效性、相对分子质量和组分的动态变化进行分析,并探讨了藻华腐解引发的环境效应.结果表明,藻华腐解显著提高DOM浓度、生物有效性和各荧光组分强度.随着腐解的进行,DOM浓度逐渐降低,而相对分子质量逐渐增大.在分子水平上,超高分辨率质谱结果显示腐解过程中不饱和烃和脂肪族化合物优先被微生物利用,并生成木质素、缩合烃和高O/C值的单宁酸等惰性分子.藻华腐解过程中细菌群落主要优势种从变形菌门（46%）逐渐变为拟杆菌门（42%）.此外,藻华腐解还导致水体CO₂和CH₄排放显著升高1.2~5倍,且排放量可以由DOM光学指标a₂₅₄预测.该结果为全面揭示藻华腐解过程中DOM特征的动态变化,以及湖泊富营养化治理和环境效应预测提供理论依据和科学支撑.     

环境土壤标准物质的研究与制备

用高铝陶瓷球磨加工在１２０℃下烘干３０ｈ的风砂土、黑土和暗棕壤土壤样品。用Ｘ－射线荧光光谱法等分析样品中Ｃｕ,Ｆ３,Ｔｉ等元素,做均匀度检验,结果表明样品均匀。定值分析采用ＮＡ、ＩＣＰ－ＭＳ等１８种不同原理的分析技术。在１年多时间里,用Ｘ－射线荧光光谱法做稳定性实验,表明样品稳定。在ＩＢＭ计算机上处理获取的全部数据。用Ｇｒｕｂｂｓ、多重比较Ｓ法等剔除离群值,求出最佳估计值。以最佳估计值按定值原则确     

区域环境承载力评价在区域环境影响评价中的应用

论述了区域环境影响评价的概念和特点,介绍了区域环境承载力的概念和指标体系,引入了区域环境承载力相对剩余率作为区域环境承载力的评价指标,并通过实例计算,给出了区域环境承载力相对剩余率的具体计算方法和在区域环境承载力评价方面的应用。通过单项环境承载力相对剩余率和综合环境承载力相对剩余率的计算,评价了某市的开发强度和剩余环境容量。     

人类活动对浙江近海赤潮发生频率的影响分析

根据1933年到2004年间的统计资料,以10 a为周期分析了浙江沿岸赤潮的发展变化历程,并进一步以1997～2004年的统计资料为基础,采用灰色系统关联分析法研究了的浙江近海赤潮的发生频率和人类活动引起的营养物质输入的关系.结果表明,各相关因子对赤潮发生频率影响的关联序为:海水养殖产量(0.03)＞海水养殖面积(0.99)＞工业废水(0.89)＞生活污水(0.88)＞生活COD(0.79)＞总悬浮颗粒物(0.75)＞工业COD(0.72)＞降雨量(0.71)＞粉尘(0.69)＞烟尘(0.68).可见,赤潮发生与人类活动关系密切,其中海洋养殖自身污染是赤潮发生频率的主要诱因,陆源污染和大气湿沉降起着重要作用.