太原冬季PM2.5影响霾污染的关键尺度谱特征

PM_(2.5)普遍被认为是导致霾形成的主要污染物之一.利用2016年11~12月在太原市人工降雨防雹办公室观测获得的气溶胶数谱资料、小店区气象站提供的气象要素资料以及小店区环境监测站提供的PM质量浓度资料,探讨了PM_(2.5)影响霾污染的关键尺度谱特征.结果表明,观测期间霾污染频发,且程度严重,重度霾占25.35%.相对湿度高于80%、风速小于1.5 m·s~(-1)是霾频繁发生的有利条件,特别是重霾;中度霾和轻度霾在相对湿度40%~80%、风速小于1.5 m·s~(-1)时也会频繁发生;轻微霾主要发生在相对湿度20%~40%,风速为1.25~2.55 m·s~(-1)时.霾天PM_(2.5)平均质量浓度为209.45μg·m~(-3),是非霾天气的3倍,且随着霾等级增加,PM_(2.5)质量浓度和PM_(2.5)/PM_(10)比值不断增加.低湿环境下PM_1是影响霾的关键粒子;高湿环境下PM_(0.5)是影响轻微霾、轻度霾和中度霾的关键粒子,而影响重度霾的关键粒子则是PM_1.高湿环境下表面积浓度对能见度的贡献率下降,但是气溶胶吸湿增长增大了粒子尺度,导致消光效率因子增大,从而弥补了表面积浓度的不足;粒子尺度参数的增加是高湿时PM_(2.5)影响霾污染的重要因素.     

基于变精度相容粗糙集的作战装备消耗预测研究

目的提升预测精度,提高作战装备保障部队的保障能力和保障水平,从而获得更高的军事经济效益。方法通过将变精度粗糙集和相容粗糙集相结合,研究实际保证任务的特点,以飞机装备为例,深入分析航空兵部队在不同环境、不同地区、不同战损等条件下执行任务所消耗的作战装备数量,减少不同因素之间的相互影响所产生的数据噪声。结果当在高原、沙漠地区执行战时装备保障任务时,该项作战装备消耗量大;在沿海地区执行战时装备保障任务时,该项作战装备消耗量小;在平原地区执行战时装备保障任务时,该项装备消耗量小甚至无消耗;在平原地区执行战时装备保障任务时,该项装备为高消耗。结论此方法有利于加强对战时装备预测的精准度,大大节省了装备的物流成本。     

环境实验室分析数据质量控制技术

文章所论述的实验室分析数据的质量控制措施主要是通过对分析方法“适用性”的验证、质控考核以及± 2S单值连续控制图相结合的方法进行的。该方法可提高测试数据的精度和稳定性 ,也可提供全过程监测数据的误差范围。既适用于小批量单一水质指标的测试分析 ,也适用于大批量且水质浓度变化幅度较大的情况。避免了因环境因素变化而采用其它控制图带来的不便和困难。使用该质控技术可获得准确、稳定的分析数据     

Identifying extremely large values using composite sample data

Quantifying a composite sample results in a loss of information on the values of the constituent individual samples. As a consequence of this information loss, it is impossible to identify individual samples having large values, based on composite sample measurements alone. However, under certain circumstances, it is possible to identify individual samples having large values without exhaustively measuring all individual samples. In addition to composite sample measurements, a few additional measurements on carefully selected individual samples are sufficient to identify the individual samples having large values. In this paper, we present a statistical method to recover extremely large individual sample values using composite sample measurements. An application to site characterization is used to illustrate the method.The paper has been prepared with partial support from the United States Environmental Protection Agency Number CR815273. The contents have not been subject to Agency review and therefore do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the Agency and no official endorsement should be inferred.     

Ranking of individual mountain birch trees in terms of leaf chemistry: seasonal and annual variation

Summary. The quality of tree leaves as food for herbivores changes rapidly especially during the spring and early summer. However, whether the quality of an individual tree in relation to other trees in the population changes during the growing season and between years is less clear. We studied the seasonal and annual stability of chemical and physical traits affecting leaf quality for herbivores. Rankings of trees in terms of the contents of two major groups of phenolics in their leaves, hydrolyzable tannins and proanthocyanidins (condensed tannins), were very stable from the early spring to the end of the growing season. There were also strong positive within-season correlations in the levels of some other groups of phenolics in the leaves (kaempferol glycosides, myricetin glycosides and p-coumaroylquinic acid derivatives). The contents of individual sugars and the sum content of protein-bound amino acids showed patterns of seasonal consistency in mature leaves, but not in young developing leaves. The seasonal correlations in leaf water content and toughness were also strongest in mature leaves. The correlations between two years at corresponding times of the growing season were strongly positive for the major groups of phenolics throughout the season, but were more variable for the contents of proteins and some sugars. Leaf toughness and water content showed strong positive correlations in mature leaves. Despite the consistency of tree ranking in terms of leaf phenolics, the relative resistance status of trees may, however, change during a growing season because there was a negative correlation between the content of hydrolyzable tannins (early-season resistance compounds) in leaves early in the season and the content of proanthocyanidins (late-season resistance compounds) late in the season, and vice versa. Thus, assuming that phenolics affect herbivore preference and performance, different plants may suffer damage at different times of the growing season, and the overall variation between trees in the fitness consequences may be low. In addition, the adaptation of herbivorous insects to mountain birch foliage in general, as well as to specific tree individuals, may be constrained by variation in the relative resistance status of the trees.     

On ranked set sampling for multiple characteristics

We consider the selection of samples in ranked set sampling when several attributes of each sample are of interest. We describe approaches that have appeared previously in the literature and present a novel method that seeks to achieve samples that are nearly balanced with respect to the ranks of all attributes. This method is shown to result in very little loss of precision compared to problems in which only a single sample attribute is of interest.     

CODcr 5分钟快速测定法与国家标准方法对比试验

国家标准方法中重铬酸钾法测定化学需氧量,准确度高,但操作时间长,试剂使用量大,耗电耗水.采用5分钟快速测定法后能大大缩短测定时间,同时能耗低.通过对比试验表明,5分钟快速测定法具有较好的抗氯性,精密度及准确度均能达到要求,且具有成本低特点,证明了方法的可行性,特别适于污水处理厂等需频繁监测点的快速测试.     

相对灰色关联度在城市污水处理工艺优选中的应用

通过对城市污水处理工艺评价指标的定量化处理,并根据奖优罚劣的原则对初始指标集进行[-1,1]区间线性规范化处理,确定理想最优方案(A )和理想最劣方案(A-),以此计算出各待选方案与它们的相关系数(ζ)。采用变异系数法计算各指标权重(ω),并计算各候选方案相对最优方案的灰色关联度,进而确定最佳方案。     

Comparison of data from two vegetation monitoring methods in semi-natural grasslands

Two vegetation-monitoring methods were compared: subplot frequency analysis (SF) and visual estimation of percentage cover (VE). Two independent observers collected data from two semi-natural, species-rich grasslands on three different occasions during the growth-season. During the last data collection period, survey times were also recorded. The two different data sets from the two methods were compared using partial Redundancy Analyses. The purpose of the comparison was to identify the method that explains most of the relevant variation in biodiversity-monitoring (inter-and intra-site variation), and the variation irrelevant when evaluating data (systematic inter-observer variation and variation due to phenological changes). Compared with VE data, more variation in SF data could be explained by spatial variables, while less variation depended on the observer and time of year surveyed. SF also found more species per plot but took on average five times longer to complete than VE. In conclusion, the different methods are suitable for different purposes: SF is more suitable for purposes demanding high accuracy and high precision, such as long-term biodiversity-monitoring when the identification of small changes has high priority, while VE might be more suitable for a one-time mapping of a large area.     

相对端面比对旋风除尘器主要性能的影响

为了提高旋风除尘器的分离效率,利用RSM湍流模型构建三维旋风除尘器模型,研究了相对端面比对旋风除尘器主要性能的影响。数值模拟结果表明,随着相对端面比的减小,总压和切向速度随之降低,颗粒的停留时间缩短,因而提高了分离效率,为旋风除尘器的结构优化设计提供参考。