福建三钢集团生态质量评估方法的研究

针对钢铁企业生态质量问题,提出一种基于相对贴近度的评价方法。首先,分析福建三钢集团现状,建立钢铁企业生态指标评价体系;其次,采用实数、区间数等2种不同类型评价指标信息,提出各个钢铁企业生态关于正理想解的相对贴近度计算方法,据此确定钢铁企业生态质量水平,并具体给出其评价步骤;最后,通过三钢集团具体数据分析说明该方法的有效性和合理性。     

比生物絮凝因子作为絮凝剂促进厌氧污泥颗粒化指标的研究

研究了间歇投加微生物絮凝剂MBF21和阳离子PAM对厌氧污泥颗粒化的作用规律在此基础上考察了污泥的比生物絮凝因子与厌氧污泥的粒径间的关系.研究表明,污泥的比生物絮凝因子与污泥的粒径呈正相关微生物絮凝剂组、阳离子PAM组及对照组中厌氧污泥的比生物絮凝因子BF/BF0分别增加至42.65、40.45、21.89;与对照组相比,微生物絮凝剂组和阳离子PAM组污泥的BF/BF0分别提高了94.8%和84.8%.相应的污泥平均粒径分别增加至1.04、1.13、0.63mm;与对照组相比,微生物絮凝剂组和阳离子PAM组的污泥平均粒径分别增加了65.1%和79.4%.     

洁净室空气洁净度评价的模糊模式识别方法

洁净室空气洁净程度的高低属于模糊概念,将各评价样本实测指标矩阵转变为相对隶属度矩阵,同时将各标准模式指标标准值矩阵转变为指标准相对隶属度矩阵,以全体样本对于各标准模式间的加权广义距离平方和最小建立目标函数,经构造拉格朗日函数,建立了洁净室空气洁净度评价的模糊模式识别模型。斗净室洁净程度评价是一个多目标评价问题,提出了确定指标权重的主、客观结合法,即先建立求解各指标权重的迭代模型并求出指标权重的初始值,然后根据评价的经验,采用重要性语气算子调整各指标的相对隶属度,对初始值进行调整,归一化后得到合理的指标权重值,经计算实例验证,本建立的模式识别方法物理意义明确,评价结果符合实际。     

清洁生产审核目标设置与验证新方法——EP相对法

本文通过对现行清洁生产审核目标两种设置方法——总量法和单位指标法进行剖析,指出其不足,进而创造性地提出新的目标设置与验证方法——EP相对法。EP相对法是利用能量与产量关系图及其衍生的一元线性回归模型对不同产量下的能耗进行预测性计算,并将其结果做基准数据的一种新的清洁生产审核目标设置与验证方法。它有效地克服了现有设置方法...     

水样中亚铁及总铁含量连续测定方法探讨

文章研究了在同一样品溶液中连续测定亚铁和总铁的分析方法,对同一标准样品溶液和实际样品进行了单独测定亚铁和总铁含量的实验,同时在完成亚铁含量测定后加入试剂,进行了总铁含量的连续测定,并对实验数据进行相对误差分析。结果表明:单独和连续测定的总铁含量数据无显著性差异,方法切实可行。     

ESTIMATING PARAMETERS OF EV1 DISTRIBUTION FOR FLOOD FREQUENCY ANALYSIS1

ABSTRACT: The parameters of the extreme value type 1 distribution were estimated for 55 annual flood data sets by seven methods. These are the methods of (1) moments, (2) probability weighted moments, (3) mixed moments, (4) maximum likelihood estimation, (5) incomplete means, (6) principle of maximum entropy, and (7) least squares. The method of maximum likelihood estimation was found to be the best and the method of incomplete means the worst. The differences between the methods of principle of maximum entropy, probability weighted moments, moments, and least squares were only minor. The difference between these methods and the method of maximum likelihood was not pronounced.     

碱性过硫酸钾法测定总氮的精密度偏性实验分析

通过碱性过硫酸钾法测定总氮的精密度偏性实验及其结果分析,提出测定总氮的过程中应注意功能室的环境要求及一些细小的分析细节,并提出相应的建议.     

ASSESSING RELATIVE RISKS TO AQUATIC ECOSYSTEMS: A MID-APPALACHIAN CASE STUDY1

ABSTRACT: Aquatic monitoring aims to assess the condition of aquatic habitats and biota. To make statements about condition, the range of human activities and the risks they pose to aquatic ecosystems must be identified. Assessing relative risk and placing sample sites on a human disturbance gradient is necessary for interpreting biological response and distinguishing human disturbance from natural controls in aquatic systems. We describe a process that uses readily available sources, such as topographic maps, aerial photographs, and field information, to identify and prioritize stream reach and watershed stressors for 102 streams in the mid-Appalachian region of the United States. All perceptible human alterations to riparian and upland areas along with their number, type, intensity, and extent of impact were recorded and ranked; a relative risk index was developed to assign scores to the watersheds. The resulting risk index scores were consistent with measures of stream condition based on water chemistry and benthic macroinvertebrates. The risk index gives a cost-effective, regional picture of the relative risk of impairment to aquatic ecosystems in the mid-Appalachian region of the USA and could be modified for other regions or ecosystem types.     

The Nutrient Status of Some Graminaceous Species in Britain. 1. Molinia Caerulea (L.) Moench

Above-ground biomass biomass of Molinia caerulea from 36 sites throughout Britain was analysed for concentrations of elements (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn and Na), with matching analyses of soil nutrients, together with pH and LOI. Between-year and seasonal variation in the nutrients was also studied at one of the sites. the grass was found on acid sites ranging between pH 3.1 and 5.8. the soil humus content varied widely, and there were significant correlations between that and elements (N, P, K, Ca, Mg and Na) in the soil. Concentrations of calcium, magnesium, zinc and manganese in the plant material were significantly correlated with extractable levels in the soils. Between year variation in the plant nutrient concentrations at one site was of a similar order to variation between the sites. Generally there was less variation in nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium tissue levels than in calcium, magnesium, zinc and copper. Iron and sodium were the most variable. Tissue concentrations of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and copper declined throughout the growing season, whereas magnesium, calcium and iron built up until August/September after which a decline set in as the leaves senesced. the results are discussed in relation to the importance of standardizing the time of sampling, in comparison with concentrations of tissue levels in other plants and the growth strategy of this deciduous grass.     

影响环境质量的关键因子的识别方法

影响环境质量的因素很多 ,它们所起作用各异 ,为尽可能客观地找出其中的关键因子 ,有针对性地进行环境治理或准确地评价环境治理效果 ,设计了一套直接寻找关键因子的方法 ,称作增量趋势法。该法是利用环境监测数据Ci 与标准值Cis,计算出各因子的相对超标量 yi1=[Ci(t) -Cis]/Cis 及相对变化量yi2 =[Ci(t) -Ci(t- 1) ]/Ci(t- 1) ;根据相对超标量yi1和相对变化量 yi2的符号 (>0或≤ 0 )的不同组合方式 ,将各因子分成 4种状态 ,再在各状态中 ,依 yi1和 yi2 的数值大小进行子排序 ;最后 ,由各因子所处的状态与位次进行总排序 ,找出关键因子。为说明该方法如何运用 ,以南京市内秦淮河水质为例 ,分析了各水污染因子所处的状态 ,并进行了排序 ,同时还与传统方法做了简单的对比。结果表明增量趋势法具有如下特点 :(1)物理意义明确 ,分析方法简明 ,适宜于用计算机和环境信息数据库进行自动分析 ;(2 )由于增量趋势法是利用原始监测数据 ,通过简单运算来寻找关键因子的 ,因此 ,能客观地判别各污染因子所起的作用 ,揭示污染治理的效果 ,找出污染加剧的原因 ,增加评价的准确性 ,减少治理时的盲目性 ;(3)趋势增量法同时还考虑了污染因子的动态演变过程 ,可分析随时间推移各因子趋于好转或恶化的变化趋势 ,与许多静态方