空气负离子浓度分布特征及其与环境因子的关系

大气离子是由许多自然和人为的原因产生,并且它们的浓度在不同环境场所下差别很大。选取我国南部沿海某省份作为研究区域,挑选近10处具有代表性的环境场所进行实测研究,收集了空气正、负离子浓度、风速、空气温度、相对湿度、材料和植物负离子浓度等数据。实测数据表明：地面上的空气负离子浓度随着地理环境因素（瀑布、海边、峡谷、乡村田野、郊区旷野、县城等）不同差别很大,其中瀑布〉海边〉峡谷〉溪流〉县城;同时空气负离子浓度与风速、水、植物、相对湿度等有较为密切的关系。通过对实测数据进行分析得出以下结论,1）空气的摩擦可以有效显著地增加空气中负离子的浓度,两者呈现出一定的正相关关系。2）水体在撞击和喷射过程能加快正负电荷的分离,水速流动地越快,相应摩擦产生的电离能越大,周边环境的空气负离子浓度就越高;同时随着距离的衰减,环境中的空气负离子浓度也在不断地降低。3）空气负离子浓度与植物群落的种类结构和配置相关,其中高处复层结构植物〉低处复层结构植物〉低处单层结构植物。4）相对湿度与空气负离子具有良好的相关性。5）温度与空气负离子的关系有待进一步明确。6）适宜的温度、湿度以及风速能使人感到舒服,有益于人体的健康。7）自然生态环境整体而言,空气负离子浓度大,空气清洁度均为A级最清洁。通过结果和分析给城市生态环境建设方面以重要的启示,因此作者从城市规划层面进一步提出以下建议：1）以自然环境的空气负离子浓度值为参考标准研究城市环境的空气负离子浓度和空气清洁度,进行符合气候和生态资源运行状态的设计,对于优化城市生态环境和城乡规划建设的水平有着重要的意义。2）加强自然通风、增加水体景观设计以及扩大绿地并减少不必要的硬质广?     

Heavy metal contamination in the sediment and plants of the Sundarbans,India

Heavy metals are one of the hazardous contaminants in the total environment. The present study shows that the Sundarbans soil is contaminated with sludge and moderately contaminated with Cd and Co according to Contamination factor (CF), Enrichment factor (EF), Index of geo-accumulation (Igeo), and Ecological risk factor (ERF). The correlation, principle component analysis and factor analysis showed that Mn and Fe might have lithogenic origin whereas Cu, Pb, Co and Cd have anthropogenic inputs. The screening quick reference table (SQuiRT) shows that Cu and Cd may exert a possible toxic effect on the sediment dwelling biota. The phytoremediation study revealed that the endangered Heritiera fomes leaves can accumulate 80% of cadmium from the soil, which is highest based on this study as compared to other mangroves. The study also indicated that threatened date palm Phoenix paludosa leaves can accumulate 74% and 73% of Cu and Fe, respectively, from the soil. Now a day, there has been a spurt in mangrove plantations worldwide for the conservation of mangrove ecosystem using ecological engineering approaches. The present study is very much useful to choose a proper plant to decontaminate the soil from various heavy metal pollutants for effective management of mangrove wetlands.     

Evolution Rules of Urban-rural Development and Inspiration for China＇s Agriculture

Based on urban-rural contrast coefficient, this article designs the agriculture relative development index （ARDI） as indicators measuring the intensity of urban rural dual structure which is comparable among the countries of the world. This article calculates ARDI of 40 countries from 1980 to 2004. The result shows that ARDI in the developed countries and most of the middle-income countries are rising and yet there are declines in most of the low-income countries. The result also showed that most countries＇ ARDI will see a decline at the earlier stage of industrialization, so their dual economic structure will also aggravate and urban-rural gap will widen. With the economic development, the tendency will change and ARDI presents a U-shape change overall. The turning point is when a country becomes a middle-income one.     

珠江三角洲大暴雨的多普勒特征及形成机制

利用广州CINRAD-SA新一代多普勒天气雷达资料,结合天气形势分析,研究了华南地区夏季短时大暴雨的发生、发展过程,特别是中小尺度系统引发短时大暴雨不同发展阶段的多普勒特征以及辐合强度与短时大暴雨的关系,并对短时大暴雨的发展机制进行了初步探讨.通过分析发现,短时大暴雨产生于低空强盛西南气流等有利条件下,近地层雨区附近的气旋式扰动有利于激发对流,抽吸作用、局地锋生对对流的维持和加强起到了十分重要的作用.在短时大暴雨发生初期及发展旺盛期,大多数都伴有逆风区、辐合带等多普勒特征,中气旋更是与高强度降水、地面强风等剧烈天气密切相关.     

吹扫捕集/气相色谱/质谱法测定水体中54种常见挥发性有机物的研究

运用吹扫捕集/气相色谱/质谱(P＆T/GC/MS)法对水体中54种常见的挥发性有机物(VOCs)进行了测定.结果表明,VOCs的色谱分离情况较好,平均加标回收率为88.5%～117.0%,相对标准偏差为0.71%～8.50%,准确度和精密度均符合有关分析测试的要求;方法检出限为0.10～0.61μg/L,远低于<地表水环境质量标准>(GB 3838-2002)、<生活饮用水卫生标准>(GB3838-2002)及国外相关标准的限值;54种VOCs的线性范围不同,低沸点的VOCs线性范围较宽,高沸点的VOCs的线性范围较窄,因此在分析VOCs样品配制标准工作曲线时,应注意不同沸点VOCs的线性范围.     

Occurrence of and risk posed by highly carcinogenic dibenzo[def,p]chrysene isomers in urban soil

Dibenzopyrene and its isomers are considered the most potent carcinogens of all polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons tested to date. However, despite public concerns over their deleterious effects, they have not been extensively studied. The occurrence of four highly carcinogenic isomers of dibenzopyrene – dibenzo[def,p]chrysene, dibenzo[a,e]pyrene, dibenzo[a,i]pyrene, and dibenzo[a,h]pyrene in urban soil samples from Shanghai, China, have been determined in this study, as well as that of benzo[a]pyrene and coronene. A total of 14 peaks with ions at m/z 302 were detected by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Although the concentrations of benzo[a]pyrene and the sum of the 16 priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were greater than that of dibenzopyrene and its isomers, the carcinogenic potency of the latter was higher than that of benzo[a]pyrene. The results also indicate that the relative carcinogenic potency of the four dibenzopyrene isomers in the samples is higher than that of the 16 priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.     

Uncertainty of exposure assessment of consumers to pesticide residues derived from food consumed

The sources of quantitative and qualitative uncertainties of the exposure of a consumer to a pesticide residue are identified. The contribution of quantifiable uncertainties of input parameters of deterministic model to the combined uncertainty of the estimated exposure is shown with detailed calculation using the pesticide residue content of food consumed during two days. The daily intakes of bifenthrin residues calculated for the 60 kg bodyweight of the reporting person are 0.00257 mg/kgbw and 0.00281 mg/kgbw for day 1 and day 2, respectively with 27-28% combined uncertainty. The major contributors were fruits and whole meal bread. The contribution of the individual steps to the combined uncertainty depends on the particular food item. In general, the variability of recipes, estimation of the mass of consumed food, sampling, processing of raw commodities and analysis of pesticide residues influenced most, in decreasing order, the combined uncertainty of the estimated daily exposure.     

印刷电路组件吸湿性尘粒人工模拟试验中关键因素的控制

吸湿性尘粒人工模拟试验(简称湿尘试验)是一种新型的环境试验。通过对试验方法和试验过程中各环节的研究,确定了试验时应把握的关键因素,并最终总结了试验中关键因素控制的方法。这些方法可为湿尘试验的开展提供借鉴作用。     

糎T] "7.16"大连新港石油管道爆炸事故中的热红外溢油监测

利用有效的监测手段、降低溢油事故的风险是海洋环境保护和社会经济节约的关键问题。"7.16"事故中使用3.0～5.0μm红外热像仪作为机载监测的一种手段,对事故海域进行常规监测,识别海面油膜,利用热红外油膜厚度模式分析油膜的相对厚度,并且结合其他遥感数据,在GIS系统中绘制每日的事故海域溢油分布图,为清污指挥部门提供决策依据。     

淮北平原典型农田土壤N2O产生途径及相关功能基因丰度研究

温室气体氧化亚氮(N₂O)已成为全球关注的焦点,全球约60%的人为N₂O排放来自农业土壤.虽然已知微生物硝化和反硝化是土壤N₂O产生的主要过程,但N₂O产生的关键生物学机制以及其调控环境变量之间的相互作用仍然难以预测.本研究选取安徽省亳州市冬、夏两季农田垂向土壤(0～200 cm)为研究对象,通过乙炔抑制法、¹⁵N-¹⁸O同位素示踪技术分别测定了N₂O产生潜势及产生途径,并利用宏基因组测序技术分析不同N₂O产生途径中功能基因的丰度变化以解析农田土壤N₂O产生的微生物机理.结果显示,在空间尺度上,表层土壤(0～20 cm)是N₂O产生热区,其N₂O产生潜势最高,为(0.364±0.048)ng·g^-1·h^-1.硝化和反硝化潜势均在表层土壤达到最高.在时间尺度上,冬季(15℃)是N₂O产...