乌鲁木齐市冬季空气中SO_2浓度与空气湿度的关系及对人体的影响

根据乌鲁木齐市2000年11月-2001年3月和2001年11月-2002年3月两个冬季大气中SO_2浓度的月平均值,对乌鲁木齐市冬季SO_2与空气湿度的关系进行了研究,并分析了产生的原因及造成的后果。     

基于北斗高精度定位的工务现场作业全过程安全监测系统研究

为了保障在铁路快速发展的同时,确保铁路工务安全和行车安全,基于工务现场作业过程的控制,提出了利用北斗高精度差分定位、大数据等技术,研究建立针对现场每个作业个体的工务作业全过程安全监测系统。结果表明:通过对现场每名作业个体的高精度、智能化管理,有效规范了现场人员的作业行为,增强对现场安全风险和隐患的预判和规避能力,保障了铁路从业人员人身安全。     

保温层下管道腐蚀监测系统及应用研究

为预防保温层下管道腐蚀带来的严重问题,必须采取有效措施进行腐蚀在线监测,以了解管道的剩余壁厚情况。在分析现有的腐蚀监测技术不足的前提下,基于γ射线数字扫描检测技术（GSDT）,研发了1套保温层下管道腐蚀在线监测系统,该系统可以实现对保温层下腐蚀管道剩余壁厚在线监测,并通过带保温层管道的检测试验和t-分布分析方法检验腐蚀监测系统的检测精度,最后以某化工企业为例,验证了该系统的有效性。结果表明:腐蚀监测系统可以实现对保温层管道剩余壁厚的监测,保温层和高密度介质不影响管壁厚度的测量结果,且使用所研发的腐蚀监测系统监测到的管道腐蚀速率与现场实际腐蚀速率基本一致。     

天津市颗粒物散射消光特征及化学组分贡献研究

为研究天津大气颗粒物光学特征及不同化学成分贡献水平,对颗粒物散射系数进行了在线观测,同时对全年1,4,7,10 4个典型月份进行PM2.5采样,并分析其化学成分.观测发现,天津市散射消光系数表现为秋、冬季高,春、夏季低,冬季PM2.5的干散射效率最高,为5.18m2/g.当风速大于3m/s时,对污染物的清除扩散作用较为明显,散射系数较低;相对湿度较高时,其对散射系数的增长作用显著.多元线性回归分析结果表明,天津市细颗粒中有机碳和硫酸盐是影响天津市能见度的主要组分.根据IMPROVE法核算化学组分对散射消光的贡献,得出有机物的贡献最大,为38.51%.     

A Comparison of DEM‐Based Indexes for Targeting the Placement of Vegetative Buffers in Agricultural Watersheds

Targeted placement of vegetative buffers may increase their effectiveness for improving water quality in agricultural watersheds. The use of digital elevation models (DEMs) enables precise mapping of runoff pathways for identifying where greater runoff loads can be intercepted and treated with buffers. Five different DEM‐based targeting indexes were compared and contrasted for the degree to which they identify similar locations in watersheds: Flow Accumulation [S.K. Jenson and J.O. Domingue (1988). Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing 54:1593], Wetness Index [I.D. Moore, R.B. Grayson, and A.R. Ladson (1991). Hydrological Processes 5:3], Topographic Index [M.T. Walter, T.S. Steenhuis, V.K. Mehta, D. Thongs, M. Zion, and E. Schneiderman (2002). Hydrological Processes 16:2041], and the Water Inflow and Sediment Retention Indexes [M.G. Dosskey, Z. Qiu, M.J. Helmers, and D.E. Eisenhauer (2011b). Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 66:362]. The indexes were applied in two different watersheds, one in New Jersey and one in Missouri. Results showed that they all tend to target similar locations in both watersheds which traces to the importance of larger contributing area to the rankings by each index. Disagreement among indexes traces to other variables which enable more accurate targeting under particular hydrologic circumstances. Effective use of these indexes poses special challenges, including selecting an index that better describes the hydrologic circumstances in a watershed and is simple enough to use, ensuring the accuracy of the DEM, and determining a maximum index value for the appropriateness of vegetative buffers. When properly applied, each index can provide a standardized basis and effective spatial resolution for targeting buffer placement in watersheds.     

基于SPAMS探究南京市秋季大气中含草酸重金属颗粒的混合状态

草酸是大气环境中重要的二羧酸,可以与多种非吸湿性的多价金属形成草酸-金属络合物,并对生物健康和大气环境产生重要的影响. 众所周知,光化学反应可以促进草酸的形成. 然而,考虑到草酸与重金属（Heavy Metals, HMs）潜在的络合反应,草酸与HMs颗粒的混合态目前尚不完全清楚. 本研究利用单颗粒气溶胶质谱仪对南京市大气中含有草酸的HMs （Fe、Cu、Pb、Zn） 的粒径和化学组成进行了分析. 结果表明,与采样期间获得的整体颗粒相比（17.16%）,HMs中草酸的数分数（Number fractions, Nfs）更高（29.88%）. 草酸在各类HMs中的Nfs值分别为20.84% （Fe）、45.59% （Cu）、37.16% （Pb）、36.51% （Zn）. 此外,草酸与Cu （ r = 0.53 ）、Pb （ r = 0.55 ）和Zn （ r = 0.79 ）之间存在良好的相关性,这可能归因于它们在环境中可以形成草酸-重金属配合物. 值得注意的是,Fe与草酸在白天（r = 0.29）和夜间（r = 0.71）的相关性差异明显,这可能是因为Fe-草酸配合物在白天发生光解和Fe驱动的Fenton反应有关. 此外,气溶胶酸度（Relative acidity, Ra）和相对湿度（Relative humidity, RH）对形成草酸-重金属配合物也有影响. Ra的增强可能抑制草酸-重金属配合物的形成. 当RH > 70%时,RH增大可能促进草酸-重金属配合物的形成. 本研究为评估草酸在HMs中的增强提供了一些参考依据,同时提高了我们对大气环境中存在的草酸汇的认识.     

Edge Effects and Isolation: Red-Backed Voles Revisited

Abstract:  We examined demographic responses of California red-backed voles ( Clethrionomys californicus ) to forest fragmentation in southwestern Oregon at sites where this species has previously shown negative responses to fragmentation. Voles were captured in live traps and released. Voles were rarely caught in clearcuts surrounding 11 forest fragments, but relative vole density did not decrease from the forest-fragment interiors to edges. The first result agrees with previous findings at these sites 6 years earlier, but the latter result does not. There was no evidence that vole response to edge changes with fragment age. Two years of intensive mark-recapture efforts at two forest-fragment sites and two unfragmented (control) sites did not show negative effects of fragmentation on vole survival, an important demographic rate. Vole capture probabilities varied greatly across space and time on these four sites, which may explain the differences in vole responses to edge seen between this and the previous study. These results suggest that reliable appraisal of edge effects may be difficult for many species on small fragments because the data necessary to apply population estimators require great efforts to obtain and the use of indices leads to a confounding of detection probabilities with demographic change.     

冲压件质量精度分析

此文对冲裁件的质量、尺寸精度及影响制件的质量因素进行了分析,提出了提高制件质量的关键是控制间隙的大小。     

如何提高COD比色法测试的精密度和准确度

针对COD比色法测试的技术特点,通过总结日常分析、验收考核中存在的经验和问题,给出了如何提高COD测试仪测量精密度、准确度的方法和仪器质量的核查方法。     

1990~2015年东北地区草地变化遥感监测研究

基于1990年和2015年东北地区草地数据集,采用草地动态度模型、草地变化程度综合指数、草地相对变化率、质心模型和景观指数等作为参考指标对草地时空演变特征及其驱动因素进行分析.结果表明：25a间,东北地区草地面积减少了9755.94km²,其中,内蒙古自治区东部减少量最大;黑龙江省草地动态度、变化程度综合指数和相对变化率最高,分别为-30.67%、21.68%和5.55,草地变化最剧烈、稳定性最差;内蒙古自治区东部相应三个指标最低,分别为-3.76%、2.66%和0.68,年均变化强度最高,为0.0193%,相对其他省草地更稳定,但其减少规模最大;草地质心向西偏南方向移动11.28km,是由东部黑龙江省和西部内蒙古自治区东部草地动态强度巨大差异所致;东北地区草地破碎化程度降低、景观类型稳定性上升、斑块形状趋于规则化,主要是小斑块、破碎斑块转化为其他土地类型的结果.气候变暖、变干是草地退化的自然驱动因素,人口增加和经济增长间接影响了草地变化,牲畜大幅度增长是重要因素.