近断层地震动考虑能量损伤效应的非弹性强度需求

由于靠近断层处地震地面运动中速度脉冲作用的存在,导致传统的基于瞬时加速度反应谱的抗震设计,不能有效考虑由此带来的巨大能量耗散和位移需求。笔者采用代表性的脉冲型实际近场地震记录和人工模拟三角函数地震动时程,在分析累积输入地震动耗能和结构位移间关系基础上,提出了等效速度比的表达式;给出了近场地震动的等效变形需求表达式;提出了等价延性系数的概念,来考虑由于地震动能量耗散对结构的强度需求;经非线性时程分析方法对其稳定性进行了验证比较,有利于增强结构的安全性。     

基于模糊模式识别的模糊综合评价在高层建筑火灾危险评价中的应用

针对高层建筑火灾危险的特点,建立了高层建筑火灾危险评价的指标体系,并应用层次分析法确定了其权重。根据高层建筑火灾危险评价系统具有多因素、多层次的特点,采用模糊综合评价方法;针对模糊综合评价的不足之处,提出把权广义距离之和最小模糊模式识别运用到模糊综合评价当中,建立了基于模糊模式识别的模糊综合评价模型;该评价模型避免了单因素矩阵的确定和模糊算子的选择问题,用安全状态特征值来表征最终的评价结果,能使评价结果更加准确,可操作性强。通过对陕西某高层建筑火灾危险评价实例证明,该模型具有较好的应用价值,为日常的安全管理和性能化防火设计提供了有用依据。     

A hybrid decision-making approach based on FCM and MOORA for occupational health and safety risk analysis

IntroductionWith the development of industries and increased diversity of their associated hazards, the importance of identifying these hazards and controlling the Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) risks has also dramatically augmented. Currently, there is a serious need for a risk management system to identify and prioritize risks with the aim of providing corrective/preventive measures to minimize the negative consequences of OHS risks. In fact, this system can help the protection of employees’ health and reduction of organizational costs. Method: The present study proposes a hybrid decision-making approach based on the Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (FMEA), Fuzzy Cognitive Map (FCM), and Multi-Objective Optimization on the basis of Ratio Analysis (MOORA) for assessing and prioritizing OHS risks. After identifying the risks and determining the values of the risk assessment criteria via the FMEA technique, the attempt is made to determine the weights of criteria based on their causal relationships through FCM and the hybrid learning algorithm. Then, the risk prioritization is carried out using the MOORA method based on the decision matrix (the output of the FMEA) and the weights of the criteria (the output of the FCM). Results: The results from the implementation of the proposed approach in a manufacturing company reveal that the score at issue can overcome some of the drawbacks of the traditional Risk Priority Number (RPN) in the conventional FMEA, including lack of assignment the different relative importance to the assessment criteria, inability to take into account other important management criteria, lack of consideration of causal relationships among criteria, and high dependence of the prioritization on the experts’ opinions, which finally provides a full and distinct risk prioritization.     

Nitrogen evolution during the co-combustion of hydrothermally treated municipal solid waste and coal in a bubbling fluidized bed

Nitrogen evolution was studied during the co-combustion of hydrothermally treated municipal solid wastes (HT MSW) and coal in a bubbling fluidized bed (BFB). HT MSW blending ratios as 10%, 20% and 30% (wt.%) were selected and tested at 700, 800, 900 °C. Emissions of NO and N₂O from blends were measured and compared with the results of mono-combustion trials. Moreover, concentrations of precursors like NH₃ and HCN were also quantified. The results are summarized as follows: NO emissions were predominant in all the cases, which rose with increasing temperature. The blending of HT MSW contributed to the NO reduction. N₂O emissions decreased with temperature rising and the blending of HT MSW also presented positive effects. At 30% HT MSW addition, both NO and N₂O emissions showed the lowest values (391.85 ppm and 55.33 ppm, respectively at 900 °C). For the precursors, more HCN was detected than NH₃ and both played important roles on the gas side nitrogen evolution.     

不同运行模式下改良型CAST工艺处理生活污水的除磷性能

实验采用改良型CAST工艺,以生活污水为研究对象,考察了C/P、回流比及温度等不同运行模式对系统除磷性能的影响.结果表明,常温条件下进水C/P由50升至100,系统除磷率均值从15%迅速升至95.6%,除磷性能显著提高;继而降低C/P至75,除磷性能因进水碳源不足再度下降,除磷率均值为51.4%,且长期投加易降解碳源引发系统污泥膨胀并导致污泥大量流失.C/P较低情况下,回流比由25%降低至12.5%,除磷性能提高2.3倍,继续降低回流比至0,除磷性能反而下降;温度实验研究则表明,低温系统(14℃±1℃),除磷率稳定维持在90%以上,而高温短程硝化系统(27℃±1℃)除磷率仅为14.1%,可见低温更有利于系统磷的去除.吸磷小试发现,常温系统污泥以O_2、NO_3~-和NO_2~-为电子受体均能进行吸磷,而低温系统污泥能以O_2、NO_3~-为电子受体进行吸磷,高温系统污泥则仅能以O_2为电子受体进行少量吸磷.此外,实验还发现,系统短期闲置导致的污泥"饥饿"有利于系统除磷率的提高.     

生活垃圾焚烧飞灰固化体力学及重金属浸出特性

以苏州七子山生活垃圾焚烧厂产生的飞灰为研究对象,采用水泥作为固化剂,研究水泥飞灰固化体的应力应变特征及重金属浸出特性,并探讨了水泥飞灰配合比、养护时间等关键性因素对这些特性的影响。实验结果表明:较养护3 d的样品,其余养护时间的样品强度平均增长了约96.2%,而其破坏应变平均减小了56%。随着水泥含量和养护时间的增加,飞灰固化体的强度上升,而其破坏应变减小,该趋势主要归因于钙矾石(AFt)的形成促进了飞灰固化体强度的发展。较飞灰原样,飞灰固化体的重金属浸出浓度随着水泥含量、养护时间的增加而降低了38%~99%,重金属的迁移被限制,主要归因于水化硅酸钙(C—S—H)和钙矾石(AFt)的形成,以及飞灰和水泥水化反应创造的强碱性环境。     

厌氧发酵处理庆大霉素菌渣的可行性及条件优化

采用厌氧发酵处理庆大霉素菌渣,考察了含固率、接种比、接种污泥、发酵底物等因素对庆大霉素菌渣厌氧发酵的影响,并用累积净甲烷产量衡量庆大霉素菌渣进行厌氧发酵的可行性及发酵程度。试验结果证实了庆大霉素菌渣进行厌氧发酵的可行性,其中含固率和接种比对发酵的影响较大,最佳条件为含固率5%,接种比1/3;对比试验所用3种接种污泥,发现接种某造纸厂污水处理IC反应器的厌氧颗粒污泥效果最优,在最优含固率和接种比的条件下,累积净产甲烷量为28.21 m3/t;此外,试验还证实,采用不同菌渣的联合发酵表现出了明显的协同作用,在最优条件下,庆大霉素菌渣与林可霉素菌渣按1∶2的比例联合发酵的产甲烷量可达到37.5 m3/t。     

湖北省PM2.5与PM10比值分析及PM2.5时空分布特征研究

基于2012年-2014年湖北省大气污染物监测数据,通过数据反演方法,得到湖北省17个城市的PM2.5年均浓度.利用ArcGIS绘制出各城市不同年份的颗粒物浓度空间分布图,并对其进行分析.结果表明,2012年-2014年间,湖北省17个城市PM2.5与PM10年均浓度比值为0.66,PM2.5年均浓度超出国家二级标准,整体呈现上升趋势.城市方面,在多数城市PM2.5与PM10浓度上升的同时,仅武汉、黄冈和天门3个城市颗粒物浓度2014年较2013年有所下降,且武汉市PM2.5浓度下降率达12.8%,表明武汉市近两年来采取的政策措施具有较好的可行性和有效性.     

红霉素对产甲烷菌的抑制及其驯化

红霉素是一类具有一定生物毒性的抗生素类药品,为探明红霉素对产甲烷菌的抑制作用及其可驯化能力,依次在厌氧瓶中进行厌氧毒性试验、在升流式厌氧污泥床反应器(UASB)中进行连续实验,测定累计甲烷产量、相对产甲烷速率、COD去除率、甲烷含量.结果表明,红霉素为150 mg.L-1时产甲烷速率降为56.1%;250 mg.L-1时反应速率降低99%以上,活性受到完全抑制.保持红霉素投加量为20 mg.L-1连续运行60 d,COD去除率、甲烷含量可达到81.4%、64.2%.红霉素对甲烷菌有抑制作用,半抑制浓度为150 mg.L-1.甲烷菌对红霉素有一定的驯化能力,驯化60 d后COD去除率、甲烷含量较未驯化时可提高15.13%、22.05%.     

化学铁盐辅助除磷对生物除磷的影响研究

化学辅助除磷有助于污水厂实现磷达标,但其对生物系统存在潜在的影响。针对除磷药剂对生物除磷过程的影响展开研究,选用硫酸亚铁进行化学辅助除磷。药剂形成的化学污泥干扰生物除磷过程且成分复杂,故以磷酸铁、氢氧化铁模拟化学污泥,由钾离子、K/P摩尔比计算出同步除磷中的生物除磷,来探讨化学污泥对聚磷菌释磷/吸磷过程的影响。结果表明,连续投加硫酸亚铁使聚磷菌的释磷量、吸磷量降低;系统中磷酸铁含量0.075 mmol/L时聚磷菌的释磷和吸磷能力提高了约25%,磷酸铁含量0.15 mmol/L时对聚磷菌吸磷有抑制作用;氢氧化铁对聚磷菌释磷、好氧初期吸磷均有抑制作用。生物污泥与化学污泥存在交互作用。