佛山市臭氧浓度时间变化特征及主要影响因子

对佛山市2011—2014年O_3监测数据进行分析,结果表明,ρ(O_3)日变化呈现明显的单峰特征,2011—2014年O_3日最大8小时滑动均值(O3-8 h)的年评价值没有出现显著的下降趋势,超标值多出现在8—10月。夏季O3-8 h与日平均气温的相关系数较高,O_3污染多发生在气温30℃,相对湿度为50%~70%的气象条件下。相对湿度60%,气温为20~25℃,也可能出现O3污染。10℃时,不同的温度条件下,O_3与PM_(2.5)存在正相关关系。在不同的季节时段,O_3-8 h基本随着ρ(NO_2)/ρ(NO)增大而增大。     

桥梁相邻结构相对位移反应谱研究

基于相干函数和我国抗震设计规范定义的反应谱模拟了空间变化地震动,计算了桥梁相邻结构在不同视波速和相干程度空间地震动激励下的相对位移反应,以此确定为避免桥梁相邻结构碰撞所必需的伸缩缝最小间距,并分析了地震动空间变化和结构振动特性对桥梁相邻结构最大相对位移反应的影响。结果表明:地震动的空间变化对桥梁相邻结构的相对位移反应有着重要影响,当桥梁相邻结构拥有相似的振动频率时,影响最大;抗震设计标准推荐的调整相邻结构基本频率相近而减小相邻结构间的相对位移,从而达到避免结构碰撞的建议,仅在地震动空间变化效应可以忽略的前提下才有效。     

砂土与EPS颗粒混合的轻质土(LSES)临界循环应力比的试验研究

循环荷载下,砂土与EPS颗粒混合的轻质土(LSES)存在临界循环应力比Sth,将割线弹性模量衰减系数δ与循环次数的关系曲线能保持平缓的最大循环应力比定义为Sth,它是结构稳定与破坏两种状态的界限指标,根据动三轴试验结果,认为影响Sth的主要因素有围压、水泥掺量和EPS颗粒含量。一般来说,水泥掺量的增加、围压和EPS颗粒含量的减小均会提高Sth,但由于高围压下的结构重塑,水泥掺量低且EPS颗粒含量高的试样的Sth表现出一些不同的性状。     

Assessment of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Gmelina arborea</Emphasis> sawdust–cement-bonded rainwater storage tank

The performance of a mixture of a forest bye product and cement for the production of storage structure for harvested rainwater was assessed. Three mix ratios of Cement: Gmelina arborea sawdust 3.0:1.0 (specimen A), 2.5:1.0 (specimen B) and 2.0:1.0 (specimen C) were considered. Engineering properties and dimensional stability of the different mix-ratios were monitored from prototypes cylindrical pots and test billet specimens. Possible change in quality of stored rainwater, with time was monitored in all the three cases. Water quality parameters monitored include pH, hardness, total suspended solids, alkalinity, acidity and total dissolved CO₂. The tensile stress obtained were 110, 104, and 95 N/mm², while the compressive strength were 5,000, 3,000, and 2,000 kN for specimens A, B and C respectively. Accelerated aging test showed that sample A were more resistant to deformation, while specimen C were more susceptible to change in structure over time. Similarly, the values of tensile and compressive strength after accelerated aging test increased in the order of specimen A > B > C. Except in specimen C where significant differences in alkalinity and acidity were observed, there were no significant differences in quality of the water stored in the pots after 2 months of storage. The results indicate the suitability of the Gmelina arborea waste as an alternative in constructing water storage structures in rural communities.     

Seasonal concentrations and partitioning of PAHs in a suburban site of Bursa, Turkey

Effects of space heating on atmospheric concentrations and gas-particle partitioning of PAHs were investigated in a suburban site of Bursa, Turkey. The average concentrations of ∑₁₅-PAHs in heating season samples were approximately 10 times higher than those of non-heating season samples. The plot of log K_p versus log P_L⁰ for all the data set gave significantly different slopes. The slope for the heating season (−0.75) samples was steeper than the one for the non-heating season (−0.64) samples. It was also observed that partitioning of PAHs for the non-heating season samples showed different characteristics depending on air parcel trajectories. Generally steeper slopes were obtained for the air parcels traveled across the Black sea and arrived to the sampling site from northern sector. On the other hand, the variations in slopes according to air mass origin were insignificant for the heating season samples. Local contributions from space heating are the reason for this observation.     

优质稻的穗肥施用技术研究

优质稻田间穗肥试验表明,在叶色转赤的基础上,施穗肥一般以复合肥112.5~150.0 kg/hm2加氯化钾37.5 kg/km2为宜; 施穗肥比不施穗肥增产10.7%~15.5%。施穗肥的效果还与肥料中的氮钾比例有关,N∶K2O以1∶0.7~1.0较适宜。     

Maternal investment in rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta): reproductive costs and consequences of raising sons

Maternal investment in offspring is expected to vary according to offspring sex when the reproductive success of the progeny is a function of differential levels of parental expenditure. We conducted a longitudinal investigation of rhesus macaques to determine whether variation in male progeny production, measured with both DNA fingerprinting and short tandem repeat marker typing, could be traced back to patterns of maternal investment. Males weigh significantly more than females at birth, despite an absence of sex differences in gestation length. Size dimorphism increases during infancy, with maternal rank associated with son’s, but not daughter’s, weight at the end of the period of maternal investment. Son’s, but not daughter’s, weight at 1 year of age is significantly correlated with adult weight, and male, but not female, weight accounts for a portion of the variance in reproductive success. Variance in annual offspring output was three- to fourfold higher in males than in females. We suggest that energetic costs of rearing sons could be buffered by fetal delivery of testosterone to the mother, which is aromatized to estrogen and fosters fat accumulation during gestation. We conclude that maternal investment is only slightly greater in sons than in daughters, with mothers endowing sons with extra resources because son, but not daughter, mass has ramifications for offspring sirehood. However, male reproductive tactics supersede maternal investment patterns as fundamental regulators of male fitness. Received: 23 July 1999 / Received in revised form: 23 February 2000 / Accepted: 13 March 2000     

The sex in short supply for matings varies over small spatial scales in a katydid (Kawanaphilanartee, Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae)

In katydids such as Kawanaphilanartee, a female bias in the operational sex ratio (OSR) results in female competition for mates and male choice of mates. Previous work showed that the excess of sexually active females occurs when food availability is low, in part because less food increases the propensity of females to mate as they forage for the large edible spermatophores produced by males. In this study with K.nartee, a pollen-feeding species, we estimate natural variation in numbers of sexually active males and females by assessing male calling activity and the propensity of females to respond to experimental calling males. We found an excess of sexually active males at a site with many flowers and an excess of sexually active females at a site with few flowers about 900 m away. Between-site differences in gut masses of calling males were consistent with the hypothesis that pollen availability controls OSR. Finally, at a third site where flowers were at first scarce, we found that the initial excess in sexually active females changed to an excess of sexually active males after a clump of grass-trees flowered. The mean gut mass of all sampled males from this site increased after flowering. The large variation in OSR that we document for K. nartee highlights the importance of identifying the appropriate spatial and temporal scales over which OSRs are measured in studies of factors controlling sexual selection. Received: 13 May 1997 / Accepted after revision: 27 October 1997     

灰色系统方法在城市生活垃圾量预测中的应用

利用灰色关联分析方法分析了影响城市生活垃圾量的因素，建立了生活垃圾量的ＧＭ（１，１）预测模型，预测了未来的城市生活垃圾量。该法具有较高的精度，简便，可行。     

A值法研究大气总量控制的环境质量达标保证率

在总量控制区用A值法实行总量控制后，总量控制区在符合污染物年允许排放总量限值时，污染物的日平均浓度和小时平均浓度不一定能达到国家或地区大气环境质量标准。为了反映总量控制区环境质量达标情况，本文提出了A值法研究大气总量控制的环境质量达标保证率的概念，通过总量控制A值法的基本原理，给出小时／日环境质量达标保征率的量化公式，经过分析得到；环境质量达标保证率与污染物种类有关，同一污染物的保证率与A值的年分布情况密切相关。同时利用长江下游某地的2000年气象资料分析该地区A值的变化趋势，求得该地区SO2和N02的小时保征率分别为97．4％、90.2％，日保征率分别为90.2％、79．5％。