入侵植物凋落物浸提液对紫色土吸附金霉素的影响

用3种入侵植物的地上(O)和地下(U)凋落物浸提液(Le)对紫色土进行修饰,采用批处理法研究各Le修饰土样对金霉素(CTC)的等温吸附特征,分析pH值、离子强度和温度对CTC吸附的影响。结果表明：各Le修饰紫色土对CTC的吸附等温线最适用于Freundlich模型描述;当pH值为2,离子强度为0.1 mol/L和试验温度40 ℃时,一年蓬(Conyzaannumus)Le修饰紫色土对CTC的吸附效果最佳,最大吸附量为1.68 mmol/kg~7.94 mmol/kg;当Le修饰比例为100%时,OLe和ULe修饰紫色土对CTC的吸附量均达到最大,且OLe修饰紫色土对CTC的吸附效果相比ULe更佳。     

酸雨对旱地红壤磷素释放的影响研究

为了探明酸雨对红壤磷素释放的诱导效应 ,采用室内模拟酸雨淋溶土柱的方法 ,研究了酸雨作用下旱地红壤磷素释放的特征与规律 .结果表明 ,从长期的淋溶效果来看 ,酸雨可促进红壤磷的释放 ,且酸雨pH值越低 ,磷累积释放量越大 ;磷释放的动态变化在不同土壤之间存在一定的差异 .红壤磷素的释放强度主要取决于土壤有效磷含量 ,而与阳离子交换量关系不大 .磷释放量与钙释放量相关性很弱 ,与铝释放量呈较强的正相关性 ,与铁释放量呈显著的正相关性 .酸雨对红壤磷释放的促进作用主要是由于酸雨对铁铝化合物尤其是铁化合物的溶蚀作用所至 .     

水喷淋作用下建筑构件实际耐火性能的概率分布特性研究

采用确定性研究和随机性研究相结合的方法,利用防火安全策略的“等价性”概念对水喷淋作用下的建筑构件实际耐火性能的概率分布特性进行了研究。水喷淋系统会影响实际火灾热环境中的热释放速率,从喷水密度的概率分布出发,可以推导出建筑构件耐火当量时间的正态分布函数。     

辽河流域控制单元水环境承载力评估研究——以招苏台河铁岭市控制单元为例

新常态下,亟须开展辽河流域水环境承载力评估,以指导流域生态文明建设.针对辽河流域特点,以招苏台河铁岭市控制单元为例,采取目标—准则—指标层级关系框架建立水环境承载力指标体系,并结合主客观赋权综合法对该控制单元水环境承载力进行评估.结果表明,该控制单元水环境承载力指数介于0.1750～0.5302之间,总体呈超载状态.水...     

HYSTAR Sediment Model: Distributed Two‐Dimensional Simulation of Watershed Erosion and Sediment Transport Using Time‐Area Routing

An erosion and sediment transport component incorporated in the HYdrology Simulation using Time‐ARea method (HYSTAR) upland watershed model provides grid‐based prediction of erosion, transport and deposition of sediment in a dynamic, continuous, and fully distributed framework. The model represents the spatiotemporally varied flow in sediment transport simulation by coupling the time‐area routing method and sediment transport capacity approach within a grid‐based spatial data model. This avoids the common, and simplistic, approach of using the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) to estimate erosion rates with a delivery ratio to relate gross soil erosion to sediment yield of a watershed, while enabling us to simulate two‐dimensional sediment transport processes without the complexity of numerical solution of the partial differential governing equations. In using the time‐area method for routing sediment, the model offers a novel alternative to watershed‐scale sediment transport simulation that provides detailed spatial representation. In predicting four‐year sediment hydrographs of a watershed in Virginia, the model provided good performance with R² of 0.82 and 0.78 and relative error of ?35% and 11% using the Yalin and Yang's sediment transport capacity equations, respectively. Prediction of spatiotemporal variation in sediment transport processes was evaluated using maps of sediment transport rates, concentrations, and erosion and deposition mass, which compare well with expected behavior of flow hydraulics and sediment transport processes.     

Dynamics of Policy Networks. The Case of Organic Farming Policy in the Czech Republic

To better understand the potential for successful and long-term establishment of environmental policy, the aim of this paper is to explore the network dynamics of a policy field that has become well established in the EU: organic farming. We look at the dynamics of the organic farming policy network in the Czech Republic over a period of 10 years by applying a comparative formal network analysis. We focused in particular on the distribution of power between actors and how capacities of policy actors have evolved between 2004 (its year of accession to the EU) and 2014. We conclude that the organic farming policy network in the Czech Republic has been highly dynamic and has changed from one that was decidedly influenced by organic sector organizations to a network centralized around the Ministry of Agriculture. However, the organic farming organization managed to maintain its good reputation for competence in organic farming policy, which creates opportunities for the organization to remain active in the policy debate.     

Experimental investigation on engine performances,combustion characteristics and emission of exhaust gases of VCR engine fuelled with cottonseed oil methyl ester blended with diesel

This research work investigates the engine performances, combustion characteristics, and emission of exhaust gases of variable compression ratio engine fuelled with cottonseed oil methyl ester (COME) and diesel at different blends. The analysis showed that heat release rate and cylinder pressure is higher for diesel than COME blends. Higher BTE is obtained at the maximum load condition. The higher BTE and lower SFC are obtained for blend B15 as 42.17% and 0.2 kg/kW-hr at brake mean effective pressure (BMEP) of 4.64 bar. Also it is found that the peak cylinder gas pressure and combustion duration increases when the BMEP increases. At the BMEP of 3.51 bar, higher HRR is observed as 18.12 J/deg. Increase in HRR is obtained as 6.07% for B30 at BMEP of 4.64 bar when compared to diesel. Ignition delay decreased by 13.16% for B100, by the increment of blend proportions when compared to diesel, at BMEP of 4.64 bar. Lower smoke, HC and CO emissions are observed when increasing the blend proportions, whereas the nitric oxide emissions increases due to the better combustion resulted in higher temperatures. At BMEP of 4.64 bar, the CO emissions are reduced to 25.24% for neat biodiesel when compared with the diesel.     

中亚热带红壤区不同土地利用土壤田间持水量估测

田间持水量是衡量土壤保水性的重要指标,也是进行农田灌溉、作物水管理和水文模型的重要参数,但其测定繁琐而耗时,迫切需要一种简捷精确的估测方法。采集了50个来自稻田和旱地的1 m深原状土壤剖面样,然后基于土壤基本理化性质,利用多元逐步回归方法对土壤田间持水量进行模型预测。结果显示:(1)对于稻田土壤,田间持水量主要受容重和有机碳影响,而对于旱地则主要受土壤质地影响;(2)构建的田间持水量传递函数,对于稻田土壤预测精确度较高,调整的确定系数达到0.79,对于旱地则相对较弱。研究表明土地利用方式对田间持水量精确估测影响较大,利用土壤传递函数法对田间持水量的快速获取有一定参考价值。     

竺山湾流域河湖系统污染物总量控制研究

复杂河湖系统的总量控制需考虑河湖双重控制目标,以太湖西北部竺山湾流域为研究对象,运用排污系数法计算了区域内的入河污染负荷;构建了一维河网和二维湖体水环境数学模型,对水环境数学模型进行了率定;基于多重目标的河网水环境容量计算方法,计算了河网水环境容量,并分配至各控制单元;定量分析了各控制单元各污染物总量达标情况下的削减量及削减率。结果表明:竺山湾流域COD削减量为834.4 t,削减率为13.8%;氨氮削减量为226.1 t,削减率为36.5%;总氮削减量为724.8 t,削减率为55.2%;总磷削减量为108.9 t,削减率为73.4%。论文成果对于开展竺山湾流域污染物总量控制和水环境保护具有重要指导意义,同时为类似的河湖系统水污染物总量控制提供借鉴。     

基于水功能区纳污能力的攀枝花限制排污总量研究

实施水功能区限制纳污红线管理,控制陆域范围污染物排放总量,是保障水功能区水质达标的根本途径。针对现有水功能区划分及管理偏重考虑水体自然属性和完整性,缺乏与行政区划、陆域污染源分布的衔接,提出以水功能区划分成果为基础,综合考虑自然水系、行政区划、污染源分布情况的陆域控制单元划分方法,在此基础上,利用GIS空间分析建立水功能区与陆域控制单元的响应关系,制定基于水功能区纳污能力的陆域污染物限制排放总量方案。以攀枝花市河段为例,将攀枝花市划分为15个控制单元,19个控制子单元进行限制排污总量计算及分配,攀枝花全市COD、氨氮限制排放总量分别为17 437.6 t/a、1 866.0 t/a,与攀枝花市污染物总量控制规划成果基本一致。