环境激素对生物的影响及其防治

环境激素是由于人类的生活和生产活动而释放到周围环境中的各种化学合成物质,会对人体内和动物体内原本营造的正常激素功能施加影响,从而引起生物的内分泌干扰效应。环境激素具有很强的污染性,并能被积累于周围的环境中。综述了环境激素对各生物类群和人类生殖机能和其它方面造成的影响,并就防治环境激素污染提出了一些建议。     

多溴二苯醚毒理学研究进展及展望(Research Progress and Future Perspectives in Toxicology Study on Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers)

多溴二苯醚(PBDEs)虽然已在一些国家禁止生产和使用,商品五溴和八溴二苯醚也在2009年被列入《关于持久性有机污染物(POPs)的斯德哥尔摩公约》受控范围内,但目前学术界对PBDEs的毒理学效应及其机制尤其是环境剂量效应的认识并不十分清楚. 论文从甲状腺干扰、神经毒性、生殖内分泌干扰3个方面介绍了近年来PBDEs毒理学研究的进展,分析了该领域研究中存在的几个问题,提出今后应大力开展环境相关剂量下PBDEs及代谢物的毒性研究,以推进对实际环境中PBDEs真实毒性的认识;同时探索能够反映PBDEs毒性的非创性生物标记物,为开展PBDEs人体健康影响的流行病学调查提供线索.     

邻苯二甲酸二乙基己酯(DEHP)毒理与健康效应研究

邻苯二甲酸二乙基己酯(DEHP)作为重要的聚氯乙烯塑料增塑剂在工业上应用广泛。目前,DEHP在海洋、大气、饮用水及动植物体内均被不同程度检出,对生态环境造成日益严重的污染。结合国内外毒理学研究成果,概述DEHP的人体暴露及代谢途径;并从肝脏、心脏、生殖发育系统和呼吸系统等方面详细探讨DEHP对动物健康的危害及其可能的毒性机制,以及对人体健康潜在的影响;在此基础上,对目前存在的问题及进一步研究的方向进行了探讨和展望。     

石河子市采暖季和非采暖季住宅中邻苯二甲酸酯的污染特征及婴幼儿健康风险评估

为了解石河子市住宅中邻苯二甲酸酯(Phthalates,PAEs)的污染特征及PAEs对婴幼儿产生的健康风险.本研究对石河子市采暖季和非采暖季50户住宅降尘中的7种PAEs物质进行检测,利用蒙特卡洛(Monte Carlo)模拟和生理提取实验(PBET)评估了PAEs暴露对0～3岁婴幼儿产生的生殖和癌症风险.结果表明:①不同时期石河子市卧室和客厅降尘中邻苯二甲酸二异丁酯(diisobutyl phthalate,DIBP)、邻苯二甲酸二正丁酯(Dibutyl phthalate,DBP)和邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基)己酯[Bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate,DEHP]均为室内PAEs的主要组成物质,占总PAEs的99.5%以上,其中DEHP为首要PAEs物质(浓度中位数值为361～462μg·g~(-1)),DBP次之(浓度中位数值为94.9～166μg·g~(-1));②除DIBP外,采暖季卧室和客厅降尘中各PAEs的浓度均高于非采暖季,且差异具有统计学显著性(p0.05),此趋势对小分子质量的邻苯二甲酸二甲酯(Dimethyl phthalate,DMP)和邻苯二甲酸二乙酯(Diethyl phthalate,DEP)而言更明显,DMP采暖季浓度中位数值:0.36～0.42μg·g~(-1)非采暖季:nd,DEP采暖季:0.65～0.71μg·g~(-1)非采暖季:nd～0.03μg·g~(-1);③利用风险指数(HQ)进行健康风险评估表明,采暖季和非采暖季DBP暴露可能会对0～3岁婴幼儿产生较大的生殖风险(HQ_(DBP )=2.62～5.79);DEHP暴露可能会对0～2岁婴幼儿产生较大的癌症风险(HQ_(DEHP)=3.51～5.22).当考虑生物可及性后,仍有8%～37%的婴幼儿可能存在生殖风险,几乎所有婴幼儿无癌症风险.     

金钟藤（Merremia boisiana）生物学特点初探

测定了金钟藤（Merremia boisiana）枝条的生长速度,其枝条在生长季内平均每天长0．43-3-3cm,最快达7．8cm,且强枝能产生新的侧枝,营养生长能力强;调查了金钟藤始花期、开花数目、花期长短,并与其结实率进行相关性比较,发现金钟藤始花期和开花数目与结实率无显著相关性,而金钟藤花期长短与结实率呈显著负相关性（花期越长,结实率越低）,且开花较多,但果实、种子极少,种子繁殖力低。     

多齿马先蒿与刺齿马先蒿花部形态、昆虫访花频率及种子产量比较研究

若尔盖高原的马先蒿属植物花部形态多样化,为探讨花冠差异是否与不同的繁殖对策相联系,在该区四川红原县分别对短管无喙的多齿马先蒿(Pedicularis polyodonta)和长管具喙的刺齿马先蒿(P.armata)的花部形态、昆虫访花频率和种子产出进行了比较研究.多齿马先蒿的花冠呈"鸟头"状,多个花的集合与鸟群相似,因此特别检测了这种拟态是否具有规避鸟类和蝗虫或吸引蜂类传粉的功能.研究发现,与刺齿马先蒿相比,多齿马先蒿的花冠较小、数量较少,但花蜜含量较高,因此蜂类访问频率较高,结实率高.两种马先蒿的单花种子产量没有显著差异;多齿马先蒿单个个体的种子数量较多,但种子较小.研究表明,为提高繁殖成功率,多齿马先蒿倾向于依赖花质量(如花蜜含量所指示)和种子数量,而刺齿马先蒿倾向于依赖花数量.蝗虫对两种马先蒿的危害没有显著差异,说明多齿马先蒿的"鸟头"拟态不具有规避蝗虫的功能;在具有"鸟头"花冠的多齿马先蒿的样地,鸟类的拜访频率较刺齿马先蒿显著较少,但蜂类的访问频率显著较高,说明"鸟头"拟态可能与规避鸟类、保护传粉者有关,其拟态功能需要进一步实验验证.图2表1参37     

Prenatal diagnosis for women aged 37 years and over: to have or not to have

Forty percent of pregnant women aged 37 years and over do not have prenatal diagnosis despite being eligible for a free test. The present study aimed to determine how often, and which, untested women were making a choice about this, how many declined an offer and why. A questionnaire was given to untested women, aged 37 years and over, at no less than 24 weeks gestation. A total of 375 (81.5%) women declined, 72 (16%) were not offered a test and 13 presented too late antenatally. There was a three-fold increased likelihood (OR 3.10 95% CI 1.44, 6.65) of no offer for urban non-English speaking background women, compared with the reference group (metropolitan, English speaking). Unpartnered women were also significantly less likely to receive an offer (OR 3.18, 95% CI 1.19, 8.46). Risk to the baby was the main reason for declining. When offered non-invasive prenatal screening, most decliners of prenatal diagnosis accepted, even those who declined because they were opposed to abortion. We estimate that overall 33% of older pregnant women were being offered and declining amniocentesis and/or chorion villus sampling (CVS). Only 6% were not offered a test, but this small proportion is over-represented by minority groups who must be given equal opportunity to make this choice. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

我国地表水中药物与个人护理品污染现状及其繁殖毒性筛查

根据文献报道,我国地表水中已检出至少144种药物及个人护理用品(pharmaceuticals and personal care products,PPCPs),包括抗生素、激素、其他药物、个人护理品(personal care products,PCPs)4大类,其中检出浓度最高的达到了μg·L~(-1)量级,在长期的污染下有可能对水生生物产生内分泌干扰效应或繁殖毒性,进而影响到整个水生生物种群的繁衍变化。因此,有必要根据我国地表水中PPCPs的污染水平,筛查出具有潜在生态风险的PPCPs。由于目前缺乏针对PPCPs类污染物的筛选体系,以国内外优先控制污染物筛选体系为基础,借鉴基于风险的欧洲兽药分级方法,利用风险指数(risk index,RI),筛选得出目前我国的地表水中有16种具有繁殖毒性的PPCPs的RI1,包括1种抗生素,5种激素类药物,3种其他药物和7种PCPs,其中乙炔雌二醇(ethinylestradiol,EE2)的RI最高(115 730),其次是壬基酚(nonylphenol,NP)(1 796)、邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(dibutyl phthalate,DBP)(255.31),对水生态环境有较高的风险的PPCPs需进一步进行较高层次的风险评价。     

Male reproductive success: paternity contribution to queens and workers in Formica ants

The relative number of workers and female sexuals fathered by two males mated with a queen were directly assessed using microsatellite and allozyme markers in field colonies of the ants Formica exsecta and F. truncorum. In both species one of the two males consistently fathered more offspring than the other. There was, however, no evidence that one male might be particularly successful in fathering a disproportionally high proportion of female sexuals relative to the proportion of workers. Moreover, in F. exsecta, the proportions of worker pupae and worker adults fathered by each male did not differ significantly between cohorts. The most likely explanation for this pattern is that females store different amounts of sperm from the two males they mated with. Received: 10 January 1997 / Accepted after revision: 22 March 1997     

The State of Food Resources and Reproductive Success of Tufted and Horned Puffins in the Northern Sea of Okhotsk

Studies on the reproductive biology of seabirds on Talan and Umara islands in 1987–1999 showed that the diet of nestlings and reproductive success of the tufted puffin (Lunda cirrhata) and horned puffin (Fratercula corniculata) considerably varied in different colonies. This was determined by differences in the hydrologic characteristics of water areas and the state of food resources in Taui Bay (the northern Sea of Okhotsk). The reproductive success of tufted puffins was higher on Umara Island due to more favorable environmental conditions and relatively stable food resources in Odyan Bay. The parameters of reproductive success and the nestling diet in tufted and horned puffins from Talan Island differed considerably. The survival of nestlings was always higher in horned puffins, which was related to some characteristics of their feeding ecology.