Sex-specific reproductive behaviours and paternity in free-ranging Barbary macaques (Macaca sylvanus)

In a wide variety of species, male reproductive success is determined by contest for access to females. Among multi-male primate groups, however, factors in addition to male competitive ability may also influence paternity outcome, although their exact nature and force is still largely unclear. Here, we have investigated in a group of free-ranging Barbary macaques whether paternity is determined on the pre- or postcopulatory level and how male competitive ability and female direct mate choice during the female fertile phase are related to male reproductive success. Behavioural observations were combined with faecal hormone analysis for timing of the fertile phase (13 cycles, 8 females) and genetic paternity analysis (n = 12). During the fertile phase, complete monopolisation of females did not occur. Females were consorted for only 49% of observation time, and all females had ejaculatory copulations with several males. Thus, in all cases, paternity was determined on the postcopulatory level. More than 80% of infants were sired by high-ranking males, and this reproductive skew was related to both, male competitive ability and female direct mate choice as high-ranking males spent more time in consort with females than low-ranking males, and females solicited copulations mainly from dominant males. As most ejaculatory copulations were female-initiated, female direct mate choice appeared to have the highest impact on male reproductive success. However, female preference was not directly translated into paternity, as fathers were not preferred over non-fathers in terms of solicitation, consortship and mating behaviour. Collectively, our data show that in the Barbary macaque, both sexes significantly influence male mating success, but that sperm of several males generally compete within the female reproductive tract and that therefore paternity is determined by mechanisms operating at the postcopulatory level.     

2,3,7,8,-四氯苯噁英对NIH小鼠早期妊娠和生殖激素的影响

用不同剂量的2,3,7,8 四氯苯二英(2,3,7,8 tetrachlorodibenzopdioxin,TCDD)对小鼠胚胎附植数量和生长发育情况进行剂量反应评估,分析TCDD对假孕小鼠子宫蜕膜生长状况的影响以及比较胚胎种植前后染毒效果.所有样本采集血液,测定母体血清雌二醇和孕酮的浓度变化.结果表明,50和100ng·(kg·d)-1TCDD处理的孕鼠,胚胎附植数量明显减少(P<0 05),着床后胚胎出现发育迟缓,质量减轻(P<0 05);同等剂量TCDD处理的假孕小鼠,子宫蜕膜生长受到了极显著的抑制(P<0 01);种植前后染毒效果比较发现种植前期染毒的小鼠胚胎对TCDD更为敏感.母体血清雌二醇浓度随剂量和染毒时段有不同程度的升高,而孕酮浓度则极显著下降(P<0 01).由此表明低剂量TCDD可能通过对生殖激素的干扰,强烈影响NIH小鼠妊娠早期生殖生理状态和着床后胚胎的发育.实验同时证明小鼠也可作为早期妊娠毒物研究的供试动物,用以筛选动物和人类早期妊娠的有害化合物.     

Sex‐Biased Inbreeding Effects on Reproductive Success and Home Range Size of the Critically Endangered Black Rhinoceros

A central premise of conservation biology is that small populations suffer reduced viability through loss of genetic diversity and inbreeding. However, there is little evidence that variation in inbreeding impacts individual reproductive success within remnant populations of threatened taxa, largely due to problems associated with obtaining comprehensive pedigree information to estimate inbreeding. In the critically endangered black rhinoceros, a species that experienced severe demographic reductions, we used model selection to identify factors associated with variation in reproductive success (number of offspring). Factors examined as predictors of reproductive success were age, home range size, number of nearby mates, reserve location, and multilocus heterozygosity (a proxy for inbreeding). Multilocus heterozygosity predicted male reproductive success (p< 0.001, explained deviance >58%) and correlated with male home range size (p < 0.01, r² > 44%). Such effects were not apparent in females, where reproductive success was determined by age (p < 0.01, explained deviance 34%) as females raise calves alone and choose between, rather than compete for, mates. This first report of a 3‐way association between an individual male's heterozygosity, reproductive output, and territory size in a large vertebrate is consistent with an asymmetry in the level of intrasexual competition and highlights the relevance of sex‐biased inbreeding for the management of many conservation‐priority species. Our results contrast with the idea that wild populations of threatened taxa may possess some inherent difference from most nonthreatened populations that necessitates the use of detailed pedigrees to study inbreeding effects. Despite substantial variance in male reproductive success, the increased fitness of more heterozygous males limits the loss of heterozygosity. Understanding how individual differences in genetic diversity mediate the outcome of intrasexual competition will be essential for effective management, particularly in enclosed populations, where individuals have restricted choice about home range location and where the reproductive impact of translocated animals will depend upon the background distribution in individual heterozygosity. Efectos de la Endogamia Sesgada por el Sexo sobre el Éxito Reproductivo y el Rango del Tamaño de Hábitat del Rinoceronte Negro, Especie en Peligro Crítico     

基于应力分解法的整机加速因子预计方法研究

提出了计算整机加速因子的新方法.将整机的失效率通过定量分析方法按照部件、失效模式和应力的顺序逐级下分,从而得到各敏感应力的失效率,再通过加速模型计算各失效模式在加速应力下的失效率.最终可以得到整机在加速应力下的失效率,进而计算出整机加速因子.以典型电子产品为例,预计了弹上计算机在温度、湿度、振动综合环境应力下的加速因子为153.5.     

双ZBS2型酒杯塔输电线路雷电绕击特性研究

通过建立缩小比例为25:1的双ZBS2型酒杯塔输电线路模型,对其进行长间隙放电,研究了塔头、避雷线保护角、地面倾斜度等因素对雷击绕击率的影响。结果表明:杆塔对雷电先导具有吸引作用,雷击杆塔附近时,线路绕击率较低,从杆塔到档距中央,绕击率呈现一种先增大后减小的趋势;随着避雷线保护角由正到负变化,绕击概率随之降低;线路绕击概率随地面倾斜角增大,而呈现先增大后减小的趋势。本研究结果可指导企业输配电线路的雷电防护工作,为线路绕击防护装置的研发提供数据支持。     

湿热环境下配电自动化终端的腐蚀失效分析

目的解决配电自动化终端在湿热环境下的腐蚀失效问题,保障配网自动化系统的安全运行,延长配电自动化终端的使用寿命。方法分别选用三台架空终端FTU作为研究对象,研究配电自动化终端在湿热环境下的腐蚀失效特点,并提出针对性防护措施。采用SEM和EDS表征方法展开配电自动化终端的腐蚀失效分析。结果由EDS数据结果发现,相比较于轻微腐蚀区域,腐蚀区域的氧含量均大幅增加,且出现硫元素和氯元素,表明腐蚀环境主要是含硫和氯的潮湿环境。航空插头表面覆盖镍和铜两层镀层,腐蚀后的试样表面不仅检测到铜,有的甚至检测到基材铁,说明腐蚀后镀层已逐步失效,部分基材裸露,且已开始腐蚀。结合SEM发现,样品表面有大量颗粒粗大的腐蚀产物,且明显看出镀层已被破坏。结论材料腐蚀失效主要是由于高温度、湿度、含氯及硫等大气环境加速终端设备腐蚀,以及镀层被破坏或漏镀等问题造成基材裸露,腐蚀进一步深入发展。因此,根据湿热环境下配电自动化终端的腐蚀特点,提出针对性的防护措施。保障配网自动化系统的安全运行的同时,延长配电自动化终端的使用寿命,为今后的实证测试提供可靠依据。     

雾霾天气下电网设备故障高精度远程视频监控系统设计研究

作为电力系统未来发展的方向,对电网设备故障监控系统进行设计具有重要意义.有利于实现电网进行安全可靠运行.提出基于ZigBee网络的电网设备故障高精度远程视频监控系统设计.利用ZigBee网络构建无线的传感网,节点是采用的CC2530,节点间采用簇状的结构与监控功能部分、视频监控信号传输以及监控的客户端相结合构成远程视频的监控系统,采用小波变换对设备故障的特征进行分析,克服了因雾霾天气产生的电网设备故障,对电网设备故障进行及时的抢修,完成对电网设备故障高精度远程视频监控系统的设计.实验结果表明,利用该系统能有效地提高电网运行的稳定性与安全性.     

天然气管路导气球阀失效分析

目的分析西部某气田天然气管路球阀发生开裂泄漏事故的原因。方法对球阀的化学成分、断口、金相组织等进行检测分析。结果球阀裂纹起源于阀体内表面,裂纹沿晶界扩展,晶界未发现贫铬现象,不存在晶间腐蚀;阀体材料存在沿晶铸造缺陷和枝晶露头,水淬激冷过程中形成沿晶微裂纹,承压状态下裂纹沿晶扩展;球阀螺纹根部最薄且应力集中,裂纹由内向外扩展,最终沿螺纹根部环向断裂,断口形貌为沿晶断裂。结论导气球阀失效原因是螺纹根部存在应力集中和铸造阀体存在缺陷。在两者共同作用下,导致阀体承压状态下沿晶脆性断裂。     

桂东南花岗岩残坡积土边坡破坏特征与防治对策

桂东南花岗岩残坡积土边坡雨季频繁失稳破坏,严重威胁着当地居民的生命财产与工程安全,制约区域经济社会的发展。为了探明该类边坡的破坏特征,采用现场调研与统计分析相结合的方法,分析了花岗岩残坡积土边坡的破坏模型与特征,探讨边坡稳定性的主要影响因素,在此基础上提出针对性的防治对策。研究结果表明:桂东南花岗岩残坡积土边坡的破坏类型分别是滑坡、崩塌、坡面泥石流、复合型,边坡稳定性的主控因素包括残坡积土的力学性质、结构面、人工切坡与降雨。防治设计宜分别针对自然边坡与人工边坡来开展,对于已经破坏的自然边坡和人工边坡,防治重点是对裸露的滑床进行及时防护;对于正处于变形阶段的人工边坡,防治宜根据坡体结构、边坡稳定性、潜在的破坏类型与特征来采取针对性措施。     

安全仪表系统的性能维护及指标值计算

安全仪表系统（SIS）作为保障工业生产安全的重要措施,需要在危险发生时正确地执行其安全功能,采取有效措施维持安全仪表系统在运行阶段的性能是保障系统功能安全的关键。详细阐明了SIS在运行阶段应遵循风险评估分析、安全功能分配文件、安全要求规范、安全分析报告、安全完整性等级符合性等重要文档中的要求,给出了维持SIS安全完整性的主要活动,并在加强旁路、禁止和超驰控制管理,对SIS失效的响应、记录和分析,进行定期检查、维护和功能测试以及安全仪表系统的变更管理等方面提出了要求。提出了SIS的安全性能指标及目标值的简易计算方法,给出失效率更新流程、计算方法和功能安全测试间隔调整技术。所提的技术方法为如何保证安全仪表系统运行阶段的安全性能提供了有力指导,其可操作性强,便于在实际工程中进行应用。