电熨斗过热故障火灾痕迹特性的研究

通过火灾模拟实验,研究电熨斗发生过热故障后底板的火灾痕迹特性。根据底板的温度分布,应用DTA、TG、SEM、EDS、硬度分析和金相分析等方法,系统分析、归纳、总结电熨斗底板火灾痕迹的材料性能变化规律。研究表明,过热故障电熨斗的火灾痕迹,在宏观形貌、硬度分布和显微组织特征等方面,均显著区别于火烧电熨斗的火灾痕迹。结果为火灾原因调查提供新的技术依据,可应用在火灾现场勘验,物证提取与鉴定工作中。     

石化装置综合风险分析方法研究

为有针对性地对石化装置失效后果进行风险分析和经济风险计算,将RB.eye软件与API 581相结合,提出一种创新的石化装置综合风险分析研究方法。首先对一套装置中的设备和管道使用RB.eye软件得到风险矩阵进行风险分级,根据分级结果,筛选出高风险设备和管道。然后对筛选出的设备和管道运用API 581进行后果风险分析。并运用此方法研究催化重整预处理装置。结果表明:将RB.eye软件与API 581相结合的方法能够快速筛选风险分析目标,有助于有针对性地进行后果风险分析。     

水平荷载情况下深海吸力锚稳定性研究

深海吸力锚基础的极限承载能力是海洋工程结构设计中的一个关键问题,达到极限平衡状态时,吸力锚的极限承载能力与其失稳模式密切相关.本文基于Coulomb摩擦对原理,给出了一种精确模拟吸力锚承载能力的有限元模型.在该数值模型基础上,利用通用有限元分析软件ABAQUS,研究了系泊点位置、长径比对吸力锚承载能力的影响,并给出了深...     

Learning to Drive: Learners’ Self-Reported Cognitive Failure Level Predicts Driving Instructor’s Observation Rating of Driving Performance

Objectives. Evidence increases that cognitive failure may be used to screen for drivers at risk. Until now, most studies have relied on driving learners. This exploratory pilot study examines self-report of cognitive failure in driving beginners and error during real driving as observed by driving instructors. Methods. Forty-two driving learners of 14 driving instructors filled out a work-related cognitive failure questionnaire. Driving instructors observed driving errors during the next driving lesson. In multiple linear regression analysis, driving errors were regressed on cognitive failure with the number of driving lessons as an estimator of driving experience controlled. Results. Higher cognitive failure predicted more driving errors(p < .01) when age, gender and driving experience were controlled in analysis. Conclusions. Cognitive failure was significantly associated with observed driving errors. Systematic research on cognitive failure in driving beginners is recommended.     

基于进化博弈的生态建筑项目开发商群体行为研究

以进化博弈理论为基础,构建了开发商群体在生态建筑项目开发决策中的动态博弈模型,打破了经典博弈理论中参与人完全理性的不合理假定.模型充分讨论了政府激励措施对开发商行为的影响,其结果较好地解释了因信息不对称造成的我国生态建筑项目“市场失灵”现象,为合理引导开发商进行生态建筑项目建设提供了决策依据.     

Vernacular knowledge and environmental law: cause and cure for regulatory failure

The Australian environment and agriculture is suffering from land degradation and declining biodiversity. Laws protecting native vegetation are aimed at addressing these problems but have been resisted by farmers, compromising the social agreement necessary for regulatory success. A case study drawing on farmer interviews in central northern New South Wales reveals that the laws are considered to be under-achieving environmental outcomes since they are ill-suited to local conditions. The low feasibility of the rules is also undermining rule and state legitimacy. Regulatory resistance is due to the lack of recognition of place-specifics by government and laws that impose universal requirements. There is an epistemic distance between the bureaucratic knowledge held by government and the vernacular knowledge (place-based knowledge) of heterogeneous environments held by farmers. Incorporating vernacular knowledge so that laws are more geographically sympathetic may close vernacular disjunctures and cure regulatory failure.     

The results of aneuploidy screening in 276 couples undergoing assisted reproductive techniques

Preimplantation genetic diagnosis for aneuploidy screening (PGD-AS) using sequential in situ hybridization was applied for aneuploidy testing in 276 couples with 282 ART cycles. Patients with advanced maternal age (AMA, n = 147), recurrent implantation failure (RIF, n = 48), repeated early spontaneous abortion (RSA, n = 32) and abnormal gamete cell morphology (AGCM, n = 55) including macrocephal sperm forms or cytoplasmic granular oocytes were included. Embryo biopsy was performed on day 3 in a calcium–magnesium–free medium by using a noncontact diode laser system. After fixation and enzymatic treatment, fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) was carried out on 1147 blastomeres with specific probes for chromosomes 13, 16, 18, 21 and 22 for AMA group, 13, 18, 21, X and Y for AGCM group and 13, 16, 18, 21, 22, X and Y for RIF and RSA groups respectively. The overall chromosomal abnormality rate in analyzed embryos was 40.9%, with no significant difference between AMA, RIF and RSA groups (p > 0.05). However, AGCM group presented a higher rate of chromosomal aneuploidies (57.4%) than the other three groups (p < 0.01). A total of 84% biopsied embryos presented cleavage in 24 h and embryo transfer was realized in 278 cycles. In four cycles, no chromosomally normal embryo was found for embryo transfer. A total of 88 pregnancies (31.6%) were achieved, 19.3% resulted in abortion and 63 healthy births were obtained, with a total of 93 babies born. Aneuploidy testing in couples with poor prognosis undergoing ART cycles is a useful tool to increase the chance of ART success. Furthermore, abnormal gamete cell morphology should be considered one of the major indications for PGD in ART programs as high aneuploidy rates were observed in this group. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

汽车排气管焊缝断裂的失效分析

某汽车用排气管使用不久焊缝处断裂。对失效排气管焊缝进行化学成分、金相组织和断口的微观分析。发现该排气管焊缝柱状组织粗大,断口微观形貌为沿晶断裂,柱状晶贯穿整个断裂面,断口有较明显的脆性特征。分析认为该排气管属于早期失效,是由于薄壁的排气管焊接时温度过高,导致焊缝柱状组织粗大,加之薄壁管冷却又快,致使焊缝产生较大的内应力。建议改进焊接工艺,控制较低的层间温度,使焊缝组织细化,解决焊缝断裂问题。     

高加速寿命试验在光纤声光调制器上的应用研究

目的将光纤声光调制器产品缺陷激发为可被检测到的故障,找出失效模式,为建立失效机理库及提升产品可靠性提供依据。方法采用高加速寿命试验的方法,结合敏感应力分析结果,设计试验方案,并进行试验,快速将产品内部的设计和工艺缺陷激发出来,变成可检测到的故障。对故障产品进行失效分析,找出失效模式。结果本试验激发出5类故障,对故障进行隔离,选5类故障对应的故障产品进行失效分析。6#被试品未见异常,8#、12#、15#为内部电-声换能器机械开裂导致失效,11#为晶振内部引脚在振动过程中受到应力作用断裂,导致晶振无输出。结论统计出两类失效模式,一类为电-声换能器机械开裂、一类为晶振内部引脚在振动过程中受到应力作用断裂,为产品后期进一步分析失效机理、建立失效机理库并结合失效机理进行相应的可靠性提升及工艺优化提供了依据。     

含孤石土质边坡稳定性及破坏特征的数值分析*

为探究花岗岩风化形成的风化球孤石对边坡稳定性及破坏特征的影响,利用摄影测量和数字图像处理技术,对大量的孤石进行拍照及处理,建立大量具有各种形状的孤石模型,从所建立的孤石模型中选取具有不同形状参数的孤石,将其导入ABAQUS软件,建立含有孤石的边坡模型,进行有限元强度折减分析。结果表明:孤石的位置和大小会对边坡的安全系数产生规律性影响,而孤石的形状对边坡安全系数的影响表现出不确定性;孤石对边坡破坏特征产生影响,塑性应变区发展过程及位移场分布在孤石处与均质边坡相比均有较大变化。