玉米赤霉烯酮暴露对秀丽线虫生殖系统的损伤作用

环境雌激素玉米赤霉烯酮(ZEN)的生态安全性近年来受到越来越多的关注。以秀丽隐杆线虫(Caenorhabdites elegans)为模式生物研究ZEN对线虫的生殖损伤作用。在DIC显微镜下观察,48 h暴露后与对照组相比,暴露组线虫性腺臂明显萎缩,卵母细胞数目和大小均受到显著影响(P0.01),并且可见部分暴露组线虫产卵器严重畸形。这均表明ZEN暴露对秀丽隐杆线虫生殖系统的发育和功能可产生损害作用。     

基于有限元的含腐蚀缺陷P110油管失效分析与安全评价

含有腐蚀缺陷油管在复杂的工作荷载下容易发生失效。建立了在内压与轴向力共同作用的复杂工作载荷下,含椭球型蚀坑缺陷与轴向沟槽型缺陷两种腐蚀缺陷的油管有限元模型。基于该模型研究了不同载荷工况下缺陷宽度、深度与长度对油管安全性及失效模式的影响。研究结果表明:腐蚀位置深度较浅时,椭球型蚀坑缺陷更危险,油管主要发生由轴力引发的断裂失效;腐蚀位置深度较深时,轴向沟槽型缺陷更危险,主要发生由内压引发的破裂失效。研究成果可为含腐蚀缺陷油管的安全评估提供依据。     

高填路堤边坡失稳机理与处治措施分析

高填路堤稳定性已成为制约山区高速公路建设的重要因素。以某失稳高填路堤为工程背景,基于将填方路堤和原 始地基作为整体边坡考虑的基本思路,根据现场调查、勘察成果,构建典型地质剖面模型,通过极限平衡条分法,对边 坡稳定性的影响因素,如水位、岩土体重度、内聚力、摩擦角等进行敏感性分析,计算得到边坡潜在滑动面剪出口与现 场实际基本一致,并分析其失稳是在持续强降雨入渗、填方路基土强度弱化后,在填筑路堤、粉质粘土夹碎石层与基岩 交界面顺层滑动剪出;最后分析不同抗滑桩设置位置、强度、间距支护作用下边坡安全系数及潜在滑面情况,推荐在距 离坡脚5 m处设置抗滑桩且其每米间距强度应大于250 t的处治方案。     

考虑损伤的圆形巷道围岩弹塑性分析

如何判断巷道开挖后,围岩弹塑性变形及围岩的力学行为一直是人们研究的重点问题。考虑岩石材料的损伤特性,建立了巷道围岩弹塑性损伤力学模型,对侧压力系数为1时圆形巷道围岩的弹塑性应力场及范围进行分析。结合具体算例,得出在相同塑性范围内,随着λ/E比值的增大,所需要的支护阻力也随之增大;当原岩应力一定时,随着λ/E比值的增大,巷道围岩的塑性区范围也随之增加。研究表明,考虑损伤作用使得分析结果更加接近于实际,从而为巷道围岩稳定性分析和合理选择支护形式及强度提供理论依据。     

Review: Windows of exposure to pesticides for increased risk of childhood leukemia

Leukemia is the leading cause of cancer resulting in mortality of children, and there is some evidence suggesting the increased incidence rate increasing during the recent decades. Limited human evidence indicates an increased risk of developing leukemia in childhood as a result of pesticide exposure, with possible significance of exposure occurring during the developmental periods including preconception, pregnancy, and childhood. This review examines the results of relevant literature on the timing of pesticide exposure and leukemia diagnosed in childhood. Results suggest that the risk from pesticide exposure seems to be greater during pregnancy. Other findings indicate that maternal occupational exposure may be more of a greater concern than the paternal occupational exposure; and that the residential indoor use of pesticides tends to result in higher risk estimates than the residential outdoor use. Only limited data are available on particular pesticides, genetic factors, critical windows of exposure during development, and their association with different histological types of leukemia.     

Amelioration of fluoride toxicity by vitamins and calcium on reproductive organs of female rat

Normal female rats of Wistar strain (Rattus norvegicus) weighing between 150–200 g were treated with fluoride (Fl) contaminated drinking water (FW, 5.8 ppm), vitamin C (6 mg) and vitamin C (6 mg) + D (6 mg once a week) + calcium (6 mg) for 30 days. Fl water treatment to rats produced reduction in weights of ovaries, uterus, vagina, kidneys, and adrenal glands, circulating levels of estrogen, number of litters, fertility rate, and altered tissue and serum biochemistry compared to control rats. However, cholesterol concentrations of ovaries and adrenals increased significantly. The above altered parameters were restored partially/completely after exogenous feeding with vitamin C and vitamins (C + D) and calcium. The data suggest that Fl-induced adverse effects on reproductive and other organs in female rats, whereas vitamin C, vitamin D and calcium treatment ameliorated Fl toxicity. Therefore, vitamins (C and D) and calcium play an important role in prophylactic treatment of fluorosis.     

泥鳅在污染物毒性评价中的应用研究

泥鳅营底栖生活,生存能力强,易于饲养,便于采集和处理,有作为模式生物的潜力。受到污染物胁迫时,泥鳅在分子、细胞、组织、器官和个体水平上会发生明显的变化,其存活、生长和繁殖从而受到影响。泥鳅的这些特性可以被用来进行污染物毒性评价。从急性毒性、蓄积毒性、生殖力毒性、遗传毒性等方面,综述和分析了泥鳅在污染物毒性评价中的应用研究进展,并对未来研究重点进行了展望。     

外来入侵植物美洲商陆的繁殖生物学特性及其与入侵性的关系

美洲商陆（Phytolacca americana）是一种我国广泛分布的商陆科入侵植物。通过实验观察和人工控制套袋等方法,对其开花动态、花部综合特征、繁育系统和种子萌发率等与繁殖相关的特性进行了研究,探讨了这些繁殖特性与入侵性的关系。结果表明,美洲商陆每年6—8月开花,单花序的花期为6~7 d,单花的花期为2~4 d。其花直径、雄蕊长、花柱长、柱头直径分别为(6.43±0.15)、(2.83±0.10)、(0.92±0.06)和(1.02±0.08) mm。套袋实验表明,美洲商陆自交亲和,自交结实率较高,为(93.33±1.92)%,而其同样存在异交结实现象,开花前去雄,不套袋,自然条件下其结实率为(42.22±2.22)%,其 P/O 值为372.37±31.24,杂交指数为3。综合套袋实验、P/O 值及杂交指数,表明其繁育系统为兼性自交,有时需要传粉者。主要访花昆虫为蜜蜂科（Apidae）、胡蜂科（Vespidae）、麻蝇科（Sarcophagidae）和食蚜蝇科（Syrphidae）昆虫。种子千粒质量为6.43 g,室内萌发率相对较低,但出苗整齐,寿命长。交配机制灵活、结实量大、种子寿命长、具有克隆繁殖等特性增强了美洲商陆的入侵性,是其入侵成功的重要因素。     

Nexus security: governance, innovation and the resilient city

Nexus security is a compound mix of ideas: reconciling human needs and wants with access to multiple resources; diversity of access to those resources and services; resilience in the face of weather- and climaterelated variability; resilience likewise in the face of infrastructure failure; and the personal, individual sense of belonging. At the level of Systems Thinking there is a very close relationship between resilience in the behavior of natural (ecological) systems and resilience in the social dynamics of governance within communities, where such resilience establishes the viability of these communities over centuries, which in turn entails successful stewardship of the man-environment relationship. We use insights from this cross-system mapping — across natural, built, and human systems — to assess, first, the role of city governance in achieving nexus security (or not) and, second, the role of technological innovations in serving the same purpose. More specifically, eight principles, covering resilience and diversity of access to resources and services, are used to gauge security-enhancing features of city buildings and infrastructure. Case studies include new designs of resilient office blocks, nutrient (nitrogen and phosphorus) recovery systems for sanitation and wastewater treatment, and the reconstruction of urban parks for the provision of ecosystem services. Throughout the paper, matters of risk in the face of meteorological variability are prominent. We do not conclude, however, that the presence of risk implies nexus insecurity.     

On water security, sustainability, and the water-food-energy-climate nexus

The role of water security in sustainable development and in the nexus of water, food, energy and climate interactions is examined from the starting point of the definition of water security offered by Grey and Sadoff. Much about the notion of security has to do with the presumption of scarcity in the resources required to meet human needs. The treatment of scarcity in mainstream economics is in turn examined, therefore, in relation to how each of us as individuals reconciles means with ends, a procedure at the core of the idea of sustainable development. According to the Grey-Sadoff definition, attaining water security amounts to achieving basic, single-sector water development as a precursor of more general, self-sustaining, multi-sectoral development. This is consistent with the way in which water is treated as “first among equals”, i.e. privileged, in thinking about what is key in achieving security around the nexus of water, food, energy and climate. Cities, of course, are locations where demands for these multiple resource-energy flows are increasingly being generated. The paper discusses two important facets of security, i.e., diversity of access to resources and services (such as sanitation) and resilience in the behavior of coupled human-built-natural systems. Eight quasi-operational principles, by which to gauge nexus security with respect to city buildings and infrastructure, are developed.