基于模糊集理论和专家知识的互因失效分析

针对传统方法对系统内部各部件互相影响研究较少的现状,提出了互因失效数学模型。以陀螺仪信号处理模块为对象,用互因失效模型进行分析,利用模糊集理论和专家知识确定互因相关系数,计算了各部件的互因失效率并进行排序,找出了系统薄弱环节。     

电解锰渣库失稳概率分析

以流固耦合的极限平衡法为基础,运用了泰勒级数法,对一铺膜防渗锰渣库在不同堆积高度的可靠度和失稳概率进行了计算分析,并参照美国陆军工程兵团对于岩土边坡的失稳概率评价标准,对锰渣库在运行过程中的边坡失稳风险进行了评估。分析表明:铺膜防渗的电解锰渣坝,当沿用常规不防渗尾矿坝设计时,边坡失稳概率过高,应通过增加导渗体数量、降低边坡坡度、放缓渣库上升速度等设计优化措施,降低锰渣库边坡失稳风险;对于影响渣库边坡稳定的重要参数,如抗剪强度、渗透系数、界面抗剪强度等,有必要通过高质量的取样和审慎的试验获得可靠的试验数据,以降低参数的不确定性,进而增加预期安全水平。     

Improving safety and availability of complex systems using a risk-based failure assessment approach

This paper presents a structured risk-based failure assessment (RBFA) approach, which provides a complete solution to avoid repeated and potential failures to improve overall plant safety and availability. Technological advancements and high product demand have encouraged designers to design mega-capacity systems to enhance system utilization and improve revenues. However, these benefits make the systems more complex and thus prone to unnoticed failure. It is an overwhelming task to address all the failures due to the limited resources and time constraints. This leads to substandard and poor quality failure assessments, which cause repeated failures. To address this common industry concern, a four phase RBFA framework is proposed which is not limited to the identification of root cause(s) but also includes other actions such as failure monitoring. The four phases include the plan phase, the assessment phase, the analysis phase and the implementation-tracking phase. These phases cover identification of failure, failure analysis, root cause(s) analysis, and failure monitoring. In this paper, the applicability and advantages of the proposed approach are examined through two real case studies pertaining to bearing failure and drive coupling failure. By implementing the proposed approach, significant improvements have been experienced in the system availability in both the cases.     

Protein expression profile in the testis of rats chronically exposed to low-dose 2, 3, 7, 8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin

The chronic effects low-dose 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) were examined on protein expression profiles in rat testis, sperm, and serum gonadal hormones. A total of 32 male rats were randomly divided into three TCDD-exposed groups, administered either 140, 350, or 875 ng TCDD/kg/week for 29 weeks, respectively, and one control group receiving only corn oil. The proteins from rat testis were separated and analyzed by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry. TCDD induced significant decreases in sperm counts and serum gonadal hormone levels compared with controls. TCDD altered testicular protein expression levels. Several interesting volume-altered proteins that were related to the reproductive toxicities or other toxicities of TCDD were identified. Among these proteins, PERF15 was the only down-regulated protein; sperm protein SSP411, ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase L-3, and eukaryotic translation elongation factor 1 gamma were up-regulated by TCDD. The differentially expressed proteins and other data provide further insight into the mechanisms of reproductive toxicity mediated by low-dose TCDD exposure.     

Effect of formaldehyde exposure on structure and function of epididymis in adult rats: a histological and biochemical study

Formaldehyde (FA), a ubiquitous environmental pollutant, is extensively used in hospitals, laboratories, and industrial settings. Previous studies showed that FA exerts adverse effects on testicular function and as epididymis is known to play an important role in the maturation and storage of sperm, the effects of FA were examined on epididymis. In particular, this study was designed to investigate the influence of FA on structure and function of epididymis in adult male rats using histological and biochemical methods. Sprague-Dawley adult rats were randomly allotted to three groups and exposed to FA at a 0 (control), 0.5, or 10 mg m^?3 by inhalation for 28 days. The results indicated that epididymal toxicity of FA was concentration dependent. Epdididymal structure and function in rats of 0.5 mg m^?3 FA exposure group showed no apparent difference from control. However, epididymal weight, sperm count and motility, the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) were significantly decreased, whereas the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) was significantly increased in epididymis of rats exposed to 10 mg m^?3 FA. Moreover, microscopy with hematoxylin and eosin (H&;E) staining showed atrophy of epididymal tubules, disintegration of epididymal epithelium, disorganization, and even vacuolar denaturalization of epididymal epithelial cells. There was hyperemia in interstitial vasculature and lumina were oligozoospermic in rats of 10 mg m^?3 FA exposure group. In conclusion, FA exposure alters the epididymal structure and function by inducing oxidative stress in epididymis of adult rats.     

Gonadal histology and reproductive steroidogenesis in Lithobates pipiens exposed to atrazine

Abstract

Atrazine, an endocrine-disrupting compound and environmental pollutant, can have adverse effects on amphibian reproductive development and function. To determine the effects of atrazine on anuran gonadal development, Lithobates pipiens larvae were exposed from Gosner stage 25 through 1-month post metamorphosis to 0, 2, 20, or 200?μg/L atrazine or estradiol. Exposure to atrazine did not markedly alter tadpole growth, development, gonadal histology, or reproductive steroidogenesis. Testicular ovarian follicles appeared in L. pipiens metamorphs following all treatments, including controls, whereas ovotestes occurred only in positive controls. Testicular ovarian follicles may be a natural ontogenetic occurrence in this species while ovotestes indicate disruption in development. Establishing the normal pattern of reproductive development for anuran species and conducting comparisons in fully sexually differentiated animals is necessary to clarify the influence of endocrine disrupting compounds.     

基于细观尺度的岩体开挖渐进破坏模拟研究

岩土渐进式地质灾害是当前岩土工程领域的重要研究课题。基于颗粒离散元法导出颗粒连接损伤模型,建立岩石细观离散模型,进行不同颗粒参数条件下的岩石单轴受压数值模拟。结果表明,岩石细观颗粒间相互黏结力是影响颗粒黏结破坏的主要因素;颗粒间摩擦系数是影响宏观强度的敏感参数,单轴受压试验形成接近45°剪切带,数值模拟与试验结果较好吻合,验证了该模型的合理性。建立岩体开挖细观离散模型,模拟不同地层条件下的开挖过程,对比分析了开挖未支护和支护情况下检测点的沉降差异。研究发现,未支护支撑下,深层开挖时,检测点的位移沉降较浅层开挖时明显;支护可以有效降低围岩变形,防止拉应力产生。本文从细观上揭示岩体开挖条件下渐进式破坏过程形成机制,为更深入研究岩土力学特性和滑动断裂的形成与发展等渐进破坏过程提供了理论和技术支撑。     

土石坝渗透破坏过程的一种分析方法

提出了一种描述土石坝渗透破坏溃决全过程的数值模型及数值计算方法,并利用甘肃小海子水库渗透破坏溃坝事件的调查资料对其合理性进行了验证;运用该模型,比较分析了初始渗透通道高程对土石坝渗透破坏溃坝过程的影响。结果发现,初始渗透通道高程对溃口发展过程、溃口洪水流量过程和最大下泄水量具有重要影响,初始渗透通道高程越低,因通道上部坝体发生坍塌而导致的管道流转变成堰流的时间越迟,溃口底部经受的冲蚀也更强烈,最终溃口宽度也更大;初始渗透通道高程越低,溃口峰值流量越小,溃口流量过程曲线更为扁胖,下泄水量也最大。     

级联失效特性下的危险品运输路径选择研究

基于复杂网络的级联失效特性,构建危险品运输网络的级联失效模型,提出用路段重要度来度量某条路段上发生危险品事故后引起网络其他路段失效的规模。以路径风险最小化和路径总重要度最小化为目标,建立危险品运输路径的多目标决策模型,并利用标号法进行求解。算例结果表明,危险品运输网络确实存在级联失效现象。选择危险品运输路径时,应尽量避开重要度高的路段,以降低危险品事故对普通道路网络的不良交通影响。     

锌对果蝇寿命及生殖力的影响及其可遗传性

为了分析微量元素锌对动物体寿命和生殖力的影响及这种影响是否具有可遗传性,以黑腹果蝇(Drosophila melanogaster)Canton S品系为材料,应用生存试验及统计分析方法检测不同质量浓度锌处理亲代果蝇后,亲代果蝇及其未受处理F1代果蝇寿命和生殖力变化。结果表明,培养基中添加质量浓度为0.026 g/L、0.052 g/L、0.104 g/L的锌均可延长亲代及未受处理F1代果蝇平均寿命、中间寿命、最高寿命及90%死亡时间,并增强其生殖力,其中0.052g/L质量浓度影响最为明显。添加高质量浓度(0.260g/L)锌可使亲代果蝇缩短寿命、丧失生殖能力。表明适当质量浓度的锌可以延长果蝇寿命,增强其生殖力,并且这种影响可遗传到子一代。