The effect of olive mill wastewater on seed germination after various pretreatment techniques

Olive mill wastewater (OMW) management has been a major issue of environmental concern for olive oil producing countries. OMW can be a serious nuisance, when disposed of untreated, due to its significantly high organic load, its phytotoxic properties and its relatively low biodegradability. Field and plant irrigation with raw or pretreated OMW is an easy and relatively inexpensive method to treat and dispose of OMW. Typical pretreatment techniques could be comprised of phase separation through a settling basin, dilution with water, aeration to promote biological degradation and pH neutralization. A full factorial experimental design approach was used here to study the main effects and interactions of the above four pretreatment techniques on the germination of tomato and chicory seeds. Results of the study showed that the most statistically significant technique affecting OMW phytotoxicity is water dilution. The next most significant technique was aeration. In particular, phytotoxicity decreased with increased OMW dilution with water, when OMW was aerated and without pH adjustment. pH neutralization resulted in increased phytotoxicity. Settling did not significantly decrease the phytotoxicity of settled OMW and is therefore not considered necessary in an OMW management system in which plant irrigation is the goal. The interaction of aeration and pH was, marginally, the most significant two-way interaction for tomato seeds, while no interactions were significant when chicory seeds were used.     

建筑物火灾时人员疏散时间模型研究

在建筑物火灾中,人员安全疏散与人员的生命安全直接相关.人员能否安全疏散主要取决于疏散到安全区所用时间的长短,人员疏散时间在考虑建筑物结构和人员距离安全区的远近等环境因素的同时,还必须综合考虑处于火灾等紧急情况下人员的自然状况和人员心理及行为特征.本文在组织人员应急疏散演习测量个体疏散时间的基础上,结合影响人员疏散行为和疏散时间的相关因素,采用世界先进统计软件SPSS12 for Windows进行多元线性回归分析,建立人员疏散时间回归模型.该研究技术科学、先进,结果可信.研究结果将充实我国人员疏散心理和行为反应数据库,为建筑防火性能化设计,尤其是设计人员密集建筑提供基础数据和初步的分析.     

玉米酒精废水的处理工艺与设计

针对酒精废水的COD高、温度高、SS高、pH低特点,主要介绍了酒精废水处理工艺路线和主要设计参数。采用高效MIC厌氧反应器和卡鲁塞尔氧化沟3000型,MIC有机负荷可达15kg CODCr/m3.d,CODCr去除率为85%以上,卡鲁塞尔氧化沟有机负荷为0.6kg CODCr/m3.d,CODCr去除率为93%以上,出水COD<150mg/L。厌氧所产生的沼气的回收价值抵去整个系统运行费用,每年可盈余1 300余万元。     

西方环境社会学研究的三种范式

西方环境社会学至今主要形成三种影响较大的研究范式：即新生态范式、马克思主义政治经济学范式、建构主义范式。这些研究范式为环境社会学实践问题的解答提供了不同的立论基点和研究的方法论。     

夹涤草堂旅游风景区资源开发与规划设计

在分析夹潦草堂旅游风景区背景要素和制约因素的基础上，遵循史学文化、知识、淳真自然的三大设计理念，采用圈层递进的总体布局构思，设计了7个主题区域的空间布局，开发出修学旅游、观光旅游、度假旅游、森林探险旅游等四大主导旅游产品。     

元素赋存状态的研究及其在矿产资源综合利用中的意义

元素赋存状态的研究是指研究元素在矿石中的存在状态，且尽可能对其进行定量研究的工作。目前元素赋存状态的研究手段很多，不同的矿山和企业可根据实际情况有选择地采用。我国是资源短缺型国家，元素赋存状态的研究是资源合理有效利用的关键，可以避免盲目开采对资源的浪费和经济上的损失。     

湖南大地景观安全规划及生态学效益分析——沿河两岸分级截流分散蓄水的治水模式

针对湖南近年来频繁发生严重水、旱灾害的实际，从综合分析湖南地质环境和水系现状入手，结合目前农村产业结构调整的方向和未来城市化进程中发展生态旅游业的需要，以优化湖南整体生态环境为目标，从大地景观安全和可持续发展的角度提出了沿河两岸分级截流分散蓄水的治水模式，详细分析了由此可能产生的景观生态学效益。     

A Simple Value-Distinction Approach Aids Transparency in Farm Animal Welfare Debate

Public debate on acceptable farm animal husbandry suffers from a confusion of tongues. To clarify positions of various stakeholder groups in their joint search for acceptable solutions, the concept of animal welfare was split up into three notions: no suffering, respect for intrinsic value, and non-appalling appearance of animals. This strategy was based on the hypothesis that multi-stakeholder solutions should be based on shared values rather than on compromises. The usefulness of such an artificial value distinction strategy was tested in a small series of experiments. The results demonstrate that the chosen concept to distinguish between values is effective in a stakeholder context. Farmers’ views on doing good to animals appeared to be largely based on their value to prevent suffering and predominantly focused on the provision of regular care. Their priority for this value is clearly shared with other stakeholders, providing a basis for joint solutions. The concept of intrinsic value does not play a discernable role in farmers’ considerations. Based on the varying views on welfare, it can be inferred that there is a gradual rather than a principal difference between government legislation and farmers’ values, whereas public perception and acceptance of farm practices remains complicated. Distinction between value groups and focusing on a selected notion (such as no suffering) proved to be effective in bringing representatives of stakeholder groups together, but is unlikely to bridge the emotional gap between commercial farm practices and public ideals.     

RESIDENTIAL WATER DEMAND: A POOLED,TIME SERIES,CROSS SECTION STUDY OF MALMÖ, SWEDEN1

Shortcoming associated with past water demand studies are evaluated. To overcome these shortcomings, pooled, time series, cross section data from -6, Sweden, are used in an ordinary Least squares analysis to estimate the demand for residential water. Elasticities for five variables, including price and income, are estimated. An approach for the conduct of future water demand studies is suggested.     

PART I: METHODOLOGY AND PROBLEMS IN AN URBANIZED ARID ENVIRONMENT1

The methodology of operations research is judged in relation to its utility to water resource management in an urbanized arid environment and to the study of worth of data for such management. Conditions for existence of a managerial problem are reviewed as is the multilevel structure of the decision process, including decisions on social goals for Western water use. Worth of data can only be judged in relation to a particular use to meet a social or managerial objective. The role of data uncertainty on the decision process is reviewed in the light of past water decisions and present and future problems.