Shifting elasmobranch community assemblage at Cocos Island—an isolated marine protected area

Fishing pressure has increased the extinction risk of many elasmobranch (shark and ray) species. Although many countries have established no‐take marine reserves, a paucity of monitoring data means it is still unclear if reserves are effectively protecting these species. We examined data collected by a small group of divers over the past 21 years at one of the world's oldest marine protected areas (MPAs), Cocos Island National Park, Costa Rica. We used mixed effects models to determine trends in relative abundance, or probability of occurrence, of 12 monitored elasmobranch species while accounting for variation among observers and from abiotic factors. Eight of 12 species declined significantly over the past 2 decades. We documented decreases in relative abundance for 6 species, including the iconic scalloped hammerhead shark (Sphyrna lewini) (?45%), whitetip reef shark (Triaenodon obesus) (?77%), mobula ray (Mobula spp.) (?78%), and manta ray (Manta birostris) (?89%), and decreases in the probability of occurrence for 2 other species. Several of these species have small home ranges and should be better protected by an MPA, which underscores the notion that declines of marine megafauna will continue unabated in MPAs unless there is adequate enforcement effort to control fishing. In addition, probability of occurrence at Cocos Island of tiger (Galeocerdo cuvier), Galapagos (Carcharhinus galapagensis), blacktip (Carcharhinus limbatus), and whale (Rhincodon typus) sharks increased significantly. The effectiveness of MPAs cannot be evaluated by examining single species because population responses can vary depending on life history traits and vulnerability to fishing pressure.     

A human-centered framework for innovation in conservation incentive programs

The promise of environmental conservation incentive programs that provide direct payments in exchange for conservation outcomes is that they enhance the value of engaging in stewardship behaviors. An insidious but important concern is that a narrow focus on optimizing payment levels can ultimately suppress program participation and subvert participants’ internal motivation to engage in long-term conservation behaviors. Increasing participation and engendering stewardship can be achieved by recognizing that participation is not simply a function of the payment; it is a function of the overall structure and administration of the program. Key to creating innovative and more sustainable programs is fitting them within the existing needs and values of target participants. By focusing on empathy for participants, co-designing program approaches, and learning from the rapid prototyping of program concepts, a human-centered approach to conservation incentive program design enhances the propensity for discovery of novel and innovative solutions to pressing conservation issues.     

露天矿山隐伏盲空区精确探测及爆破优化设计

隐伏盲空区是严重威胁露天矿山正常采矿作业的安全隐患,应予以探明并处置。针对露天矿隐伏盲空区探测难度大、崩落处置爆破设计精度差等问题,以白马铁矿1号溜井盲空区为例,首先基于矿山历史资料,利用钻探手段,初步圈定盲空区异常分布范围;然后运用钻孔激光扫描设备进行三维精确扫描,获得盲空区塌腔三维形态和真实边界,并以实测数据为基础,利用逆向建模方法,构建盲空区三维可视化模型;最后根据盲空区的三维空间特征和分布条件,进行爆破分区及参数优化设计。结果表明:采用钻探圈定结合三维激光精确扫描建模的综合探测方法,可获得露天矿山盲空区的可靠信息,准确掌握盲空区垮塌现状,进而为制定更为精准的爆破设计方案提供重要依据,最终达到消除盲空区的目的。研究结果对保障矿山安全生产具有重要意义,同时可为类似工程提供有益参考。     

我国自然保护区级别划分标准的研究

本文在总结国内外自然保护区级别划分背景的基础上,根据我国自然保护区建设和管理的现状,提出保护区级别划分应遵循的原则,如以定性方法为主,与现行行政体制相一致等。根据这些原则,研究制定了我国自然保护区级别划分的标准。该标准将自然保护区划分为国家级、省级、市级和县级。并对其标准进行了详细描述和定义。此外,本文还对保护区级别划分的依据和确定保护区重要性的评价指标进行了阐述和讨论。此标准的研究对于当前我国自然保护区的建设和规范化管理具有重要的意义。     

Echolocation behavior of the bat <Emphasis Type="Italic">Vespertilio murinus</Emphasis> reveals the border between the habitat types “edge” and “open space”

We test the hypothesis that echolocation behavior can be used to find the border between bat habitats. Assuming that bats react to background targets in “edge space” but not in “open space”, we determined the border between these two habitat types for commuting individuals of the parti-colored bat Vespertilio murinus. We recorded sequences of bats’ echolocation signals while they flew parallel to the walls of large buildings and to the ground and determined the signals’ average bandwidth, duration, and pulse interval. These parameters varied systematically with the estimated horizontal and vertical distances between the bats and the background. A distinct effect of horizontal distance to the background on echolocation behavior was found for horizontal distances of less than 6 m, thus indicating the border between edge and open space. Only a few bats flew at vertical distances below 5 m. However, enough passages at vertical distances of 5 m and above indicated that the vertical border is somewhere below a distance of 5 m. Within edge space, V. murinus reacted to the background by reducing signal duration, increasing bandwidth at closer distances, and often emitting one signal per wing beat. In open space, signal parameters did not vary as a function of distance to the background. There, V. murinus emitted the longest signals with the narrowest bandwidth and often made one or two wing beats without emitting a pulse. With our data we support with statistical methods the hypothesis that echolocation behavior reveals the border between the habitat types “edge” and “open space”.     

西藏自治区自然保护区事业的现状和展望

介绍了西藏自治区保护区事业的发展概况和现状，指出了目前保护区建设与管理中存在的主要问题，对今后保护区的规划与发展提出了意见和建议。     

快速渗滤土地处理系统对城市生活污水中N、P去除的优化研究

为了探索城市生活污水中N、P去除，在实验室内采用混合土为介质，以均匀设计原理为指导，进行模拟人工快速渗滤系统对城市生活污水中N、P的去除。研究不同介质配比，淹水时间，湿干比3种因素组合对污水处理的最优运行模式。试验结果表明：通过选取混合土为介质及以上3个参数是可行的；通过回归统计得出最优模型。     

贵州省雷公山自然保护区发展现状及其对策

雷公山自然保护区以秃杉等珍稀濒危物种和中亚热带山地森林生态系统为主要保护对象。１０多年来，保护区在认真做好自然保护工作的同时，引导地方群众发展生产、脱贫致富，探索了许多适度开发当地资源的实用技术和有效的经济发展模式，促进了地方经济发展，改善了当地群众生活，增强了保护区经济活力。在分析保护区发展现状的基础上，针对目前存在问题，提出保护区今后发展的对策措施。     

能源甘蔗主要经济和光合性状的遗传分析

以 4× 5不完全双列杂交 (NcII)衍生的 2 0个家系实生苗为材料 ,对其主要经济和光合性状的遗传力和配合力进行分析 .结果表明 :(1)锤度、株高和茎径的遗传主要由加性基因效应引起 ,而丛有效茎数、丛重、锤重和地上部鲜重的遗传主要由非加性基因效应引起 ;(2 )配合力分析表明 ,CP84 / 1198、CP74 / 383、崖 90 / 3、桂 73/ 16 7和科 5各性状 gca较大 ,是较好的高生物量高光效亲本 ,CP84 / 1198×Ya 90 / 3、CP85 / 14 32×桂 73/ 16 7、CP74 / 383×桂 73/ 16 7、CP85 /14 32×科 5各性状sca和tca较大 ,为较好的高生物量高光效组合 ;(3)茎径、锤度和丛重母本gca方差大于父本 gca方差 ,丛有效茎数、锤度和地上部鲜重的广义遗传力在 5 0 %以上 .表 7参 16