梯级水库对长江水沙过程影响初探

长江中上游干流及主要支流正在进行大规模水电开发,按目前的规划和建设步伐,在未来20~30年,这些河段将形成一系列梯级水库。根据近20年来水文观测和资料统计,初步分析了长江水沙变化情况和发生变化的原因;通过一些已建大型水库的观测资料,分析了水库对泥沙输移规律的影响方式和程度;最后,提出减小梯级水库对长江生态环境影响的对策和建议。分析表明：长江的水沙过程已经发生变化,绝大多数河段输沙量明显减少;梯级水库的建设是输沙量减少的主要因素之一;梯级水库建设不仅使输沙量和径流量减少,而且显著改变了天然河流的水沙过程,给长江中下游及河口地区生态环境带来一定影响。为了减小梯级水库对河流自然属性的影响,必须转变长江治理的思路,由江河治理向科学管理转变,利用洪水冲沙和水库群的优化调度,尽量维持河流的自然属性。     

东江流域水利工程对流域地表水文过程影响模拟研究

东江流域为香港及广州等特大城市的重要水源地,新丰江、枫树坝与白盆珠三大水库对东江全流域水资源有控制性调蓄作用,加上人类活动影响,导致东江流域地表径流发生显著变异.研究分析东江流域上中下游水利工程建成前、后径流在时间与空间的变异特征,对水利工程与人类活动影响的东江流域水资源管理提供重要依据.基于此,选取多元线性回归、神经网络与支持向量机等模型模拟水利工程建成前的径流变化,研究认为:①神经网络为水利工程建成后径流变化模拟的最优模型;②水利工程建成后,流域径流变异特征分两阶段:1974-1982年流域水文变异不显著,水利工程影响不大;1983-2000 年径流变异显著,水利工程削峰填谷作用明显;③东江流域龙川、岭下、博罗站水文变化均受水利工程调蓄影响,但影响程度各异:博罗站水文变化受水利工程影响最大,岭下站次之,龙川站受影响最小.另外,在水利工程调蓄作用影响下,东江流域月径流变化幅度趋于平坦,在一定程度上降低了洪水风险及减少了极端气候条件对东江流域水资源供给造成的负面影响.     

典型湖库富营养化的模糊综合评价研究

随着氮磷等营养盐类的不断排入湖库中,导致了水体的富营养化,使得水体透明度下降,产生异味,对人们的身体健康造成威胁。通过采用合适的水体富营养化评价模型,可以对水体的污染现状进行评价,得出正确的结论,以便采用适当的处理方式及时处理富营养化状况,减少对水环境和人体健康的危害。采用模糊综合评价法,将评价指标进行层次分析,并根据指标的相互关系,确定了各指标的权重,建立了模糊综合评价的数学模型。最终根据建立的评价指标体系、确定的评价标准和实测的湖库（巢湖、洱海和微山湖等）水质资料,得到了我国典型湖库的富营养化评价结论。评价结果与实际状况相吻合,说明该模型适合广泛应用     

澜沧江梯级水坝库区大型底栖动物群落结构及水质生物学评价

梯级水电开发虽然可以最大程度地利用河流的水能资源,但同时也是对河流生态系统的大规模扰动.大型底栖动物被认为是开展梯级水坝水生态系统变化和演替研究的指示生物类群.本文选取澜沧江中下游水电基地为研究区,于2016年开展漫湾和大朝山梯级水坝库区大型底栖动物群落采样调查,分析梯级库区大型底栖动物的群落结构和分布格局,基于生物指数(BI)开展水质生物学评价.结果表明:大型底栖动物物种组成以寡毛纲、软体动物门及昆虫纲的摇蚊类为主,优势种则以软体动物门的河蚬占绝对优势;群落密度和生物量分布格局表现为静水区显著高于过渡区;静水区功能摄食群密度组成以收集者(GC)和滤食者(FC)占优势,生物量组成则以滤食者(FC)占优势;ABC曲线和生物指数分析表明,上游漫湾库区群落稳定性及水质优于下游大朝山库区,反映了梯级水坝沿着河流纵向梯度水环境逐渐变差的趋势,澜沧江梯级水坝库区大型底栖动物群落结构、分布格局和库区水质状况受梯级水坝运行影响表现为明显的累积效应和富营养化效应.     

珠海市磨刀门水道输水水源水库群浮游植物群落特征及其环境驱动因子

磨刀门水道是珠江水系的主要出海口,也是粤港澳大湾区珠海和澳门等多个城市的重要水源地.于2021年丰、枯两季（8月和10月）对珠海市磨刀门水道13个采样点的水质和受其供水的4个饮用水水源水库群21个采样点水质状况和浮游植物开展了调查,并探究了相关驱动机制.4个水库浮游植物群落结构的解析结果显示,浮游植物共有8门73属150种,种类和相对丰度均以蓝藻、绿藻和硅藻为主,其中大镜山水库（DJS）和杨寮水库（YL）蓝藻在丰、枯两季的相对丰度均超过90%,竹仙洞（ZXD）和竹银水库（ZY）的蓝藻、绿藻和硅藻在不同时期分别占优,且分布较均衡.Shanno-Wiener指数（H）、Pielous均匀度指数（J）和Margalef丰富度指数（D）说明竹银水库的浮游植物生物多样性最丰富,指示水体最优,竹仙洞水库次之,大镜山水库是4个水库中浮游植物多样性最少的水库.PCoA分析表明大镜山水库和杨寮水库浮游植物群落结构具有相似性（P>0.05）,且该2个水库和竹仙洞水库、竹银水库均具有显著差异性（P<0.05）.冗余分析（RDA）结果显示,硝酸盐氮（NO₃^-）、总溶解性有机碳（TOC）、总磷（TP）、氯化物（Cl^-）和氨氮（NH₄⁺-N）是影响浮游植物群落分布的主要环境因子.研究结果揭示了4个水库浮游植物群落受磨刀门水道输水带来的营养盐外源影响较大,提示应着重改善磨刀门水道水质,以达到改善和预防水库水体富营养化,确保饮用水水源安全的目的.     

Efficiency of active barriers attaching biofilm as sediment capping to eliminate the internal nitrogen in eutrophic lake and canal

Three active barrier materials (zeolite, ceramicite and light porous media) were applied for preventing nitrogen (N) release from eutrophic lake sediments. Long term experiment of two di erent lake sediments were carried out and the e ect of zeolite dose was evaluated. The results indicated that about 90%–100% of total N in overlying water was eliminated by using zeolite. While the N removal e ciency by ceramic was lower than that by zeolite, and light porous media present the lowest e ciency of 59%. Long term sediment incubation experiments indicated that two eutrophic sediments were both e ective in preventing N release in spite of di erent release characteristics. Bio-zeolite capping technology was able to e ectively inhibit the release of N from the sediment, and the zeolite dose was independently from N removal.     

川东北高含硫气田区域应急管理模式探讨

川东北高含硫气藏安全环保风险问题日益突出。文章通过对川东北高含硫气田应急管理体系现状的全面调研,针对当前勘探开发形势下各气田应急管理主体分散、应急联动体系效力不高、区域应急管理机制尚未健全等突出矛盾问题,提出川东北高含硫气藏区域网络式的动态应急管理模式,为进一步提升当前的应急管理体系的效果提供了理论支持。     

A MULTICOMPONENT MODEL OF PHOSPHORUS DYNAMICS IN RESERVOIRS1

The models available for simulating phosphorus dynamics and trophic state in impoundments vary widely. The simpler empirically derived phosphorus models tend to be appropriate for long-term, steady or near steady state analyses. The more complex ecosystem models, because of computational expense and the importance of input parameter uncertainty, are impractical for very long-term simulation and most applicable for time-variable water quality simulations generally of short to intermediate time frames. An improved model for time variable, long-term simulation of trophic state in reservoirs with fluctuating inflow and outflow rates and volume is needed. Such a model is developed in this paper representing the phosphorus cycle in two-layer (i.e., epilimnion and hypolimnion) reservoirs. The model is designed to simulate seasonally varying reservoir water quality and eutrophication potential by using the phosphorus state variable as the water quality indicator. Long-term simulations with fluctuating volumes and variable influent and effluent flow rates are feasible and practical. The model utility is demonstrated through application to a pumped storage reservoir characteristic of these conditions.     

Characteristics of Resuspension,Settling and Diffusion of Particulate Matter in a Water Column

Experiments were conducted in order to characterize the distributions of concentrations of suspended particulate matter (SPM) in water columns of lakes and reservoirs. The experiments, in a reduced model of the water column, used a set of oscillating grids. Runs were done with particles denser than water as well as with light particles. The results were in good agreement with analytical solutions for steady-state, and non-steady-state conditions. An approximate analytical solution was derived and found to be in agreement with the full solution. The threshold for resuspension was measured, and characterized in terms of a modified Shields parameter, which is appropriate to a zero-shear environment. All experiments showed that the distribution of SPM exhibited a layer near the bottom that is thought to be analogous to the benthic nepheloid layer (BNL) observed in larger lakes. The thickness of the nepheloid layer increases with the turbulence intensity.     

RESERVOIR YIELD: AN IMPORTANT ENVIRONMENTAL PARAMETER1

ABSTRACT: Analysis of the storage-yield relationship can be used to help resolve conflicts between environmental values and water resources development. New Melones Reservoir in northern California presents a classic example of such a conflict between preservation of white water for recreational purposes and development of the site for a major multi-purpose reservoir. Analysis of the storage yield relationship for the proposed New Melones project indicates potential trade-offs between white water preservation and reservoir yield.