Determining Ecological Equivalence in Service-to-Service Scaling of Salt Marsh Restoration

The amount of ecological restoration required to mitigate or compensate for environmental injury or habitat loss is often based on the goal of achieving ecological equivalence. However, few tools are available for estimating the extent of restoration required to achieve habitat services equivalent to those that were lost. This paper describes habitat equivalency analysis (HEA), a habitat-based “service-to-service” approach for determining the amount of restoration needed to compensate for natural resource losses, and examines issues in its application in the case of salt marsh restoration. The scientific literature indicates that although structural attributes such as vegetation may recover within a few years, there is often a significant lag in the development of ecological processes such as nutrient cycling that are necessary for a fully functioning salt marsh. Moreover, natural variation can make recovery trajectories difficult to define and predict for many habitat services. HEA is an excellent tool for scaling restoration actions because it reflects this ecological variability and complexity. At the same time, practitioners must recognize that conclusions about the amount of restoration needed to provide ecological services equivalent to those that are lost will depend critically on the ecological data and assumptions that are used in the HEA calculation.     

The role of population projections in environmental management

California and other regions in the United States are becoming more populated and ethnically diverse, and thus, ecological impacts on the wildland–urban interface are a significant policy concern. In a socioeconomic assessment focused on the geographic regions surrounding four national forests in southern California, population projections are being formulated to assist in the update of forest plans. In southern California, the projected trend of explosive population growth combined with increased ethnic and racial diversity indicates four challenges for environmental management. First, patterns of recreation use on wildlands are likely to change, and management of these areas will have to address new needs. Second, as land-management agencies face changing constituencies, new methods of soliciting public involvement from ethnic and racial groups will be necessary. Third, growth in the region is likely to encroach upon wildland areas, affecting water, air, open space, and endangered species. Fourth, in order to address all these concerns in a climate of declining budgets, resource management agencies need to strengthen collaborative relationships with other agencies in the region. How environmental managers approach these changes has widespread implications for the ecological sustainability of forests in southern California.     

河西走廊的农业资源与集约化生产结构

通过对甘肃省河西走廊农业自然资源优势的分析,本文讨论了光热资源和水资源潜力的开发利用,提出用高新技术手段建立集约化的半闭路式生态农业生产体系,促进河西走廊农业再上新台阶．     

大安古河道区的渔业开发利用

吉林省西部大安古河道区是松辽平原农业综合开发的重点区域之一．在对古河道区域内的渔业资源进行全面调查的基础上,本文初步探讨了区域内各类渔业资源的开发利用途径．     

我国城市垃圾处理及资源化技术现状与展望

本文在分析我国城市垃圾处理及资源化技术现状的基础上,提出我国城市垃圾处理及资源化技术的发展方向及对策。     

资源工程体系建设探讨——以三峡库区坡地资源开发保护体系建设为例

资源工程是实现社会经济发展的基本途径。资源开发体系和保护体系建设是构成资源工程体系的主要内容。文章阐述了如何设计一个资源开发和保护体系的总体思路（包括原则、目标、内容、行动、效益评估）,并以长江三峡库区坡地资源利用保护为例,通过植物篱农林复合技术,使水土流失和环境退化基本得到了控制,经济产出比纯柑桔系统和纯粮食作物系统分别高出１／５和１／４,成为开发与保护融为一体、经济和生态相互促进的技术。这一技术值得在中国东部湿润半湿润区域推广。     

Indigenous people and mineral taxation regimes

Indigenous people in a number of major mineral-producing countries have established a substantial and growing capacity to tax mineral resources extracted from their traditional lands. However, almost no analysis has been conducted regarding the conceptual and practical issues involved in designing mineral taxation regimes for use by indigenous people. The general literature on mineral taxation is of limited relevance because basic assumptions it makes regarding the nature of the taxing authority (national or state governments) do not apply to indigenous peoples. This article discusses some key characteristics of indigenous communities as they relate to taxation of mineral resources. Against this background, it identifies a number of approaches to mineral taxation which might be utilized by indigenous groups and which acknowledge the specific constraints and circumstances they face while at the same time recognizing their need to attract and maintain investment on their traditional lands. It also reviews the inter-relationship between indigenous and state or governmental tax regimes.     

我国鲟鱼类资源及其保护与发展途径

鲟鱼类为北半球古老的大型经济鱼类，栖息于太平洋、大西洋和内陆水域，是世界著名的经济鱼类．近年来在有关科研项目的支持下，对我国境内的11种鲟鱼类资源进行了生物学、生态学等方面的一系列调查研究．本文着重论述了鲟鱼类的自然分布、经济与科研价值，分析了资源现状及其衰退原因，并提出今后资源保护与发展的8个途径．     

湖北薯蓣属植物资源的分布与利用

薯蓣属植物是重要的经济植物，广泛用于医药，食品，卫生保健等方面，湖北薯蓣属植物资源较丰富，共有１５种２变种１亚种，具有重要的开发利用价值。本文野外调查和分析的基础上，对湖北薯蓣属植物资源的开发利用进行了讨论。     

陕南秦巴山地农业资源立体专业化开发利用

本文对秦巴山地农业环境特点、资源构成和分异规律进行了系统分析,提出了农业地域专业化开发利用的原则和模式.