TRANSITIONS IN MIDWESTERN GROUND WATER LAW1

ABSTRACT: The evolution of ground-water law in eight states in the Midwest (Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Ohio, and Wisconsin) is examined, and a review of transitions in ground-water doctrines is presented. Two underlying themes in changing ground-water management are communicated. First, ground-water law is evolving from private property rules of capture based on the absolute ownership doctrines to rules requiring conservation and sharing of ground water as a public resource. Second, in both courts and state legislatures, a proactive role of ground-water management is emerging, again, with an emphasis on sharing. Both of these trends are apparent in the Midwest. In the last decade midwestern states have (1) seen significant shifts in court decisions on ground-water use with greater recognition of the reciprocal or mutually dependent nature of ground-water rights, and (2) seen increased legislative development of comprehensive ground-water management statutes that emphasize the reciprocal liabilities of ground-water use. These trends are examined and ground-water management programs discussed for eight states in the Midwest.     

Use of a generalized linear model to evaluate range forage production estimates

Interdisciplinary teams have been used in federal land planning and in the private sector to reach consensus on the environmental impact of management. When a large data base is constructed, verifiability of the accuracy of the coded estimates and the underlying assumptions becomes a problem. A mechanism is provided by the use of a linear statistical model to evaluate production coefficients in terms of errors in coding and underlying assumptions. The technique can be used to evaluate other intuitive models depicting natural resource production in relation to prescribed variables, such as site factors or secondary succession.     

THE CHUBB/BAUMAN METHOD FOR ESTIMATING THE RECREATION POTENTIAL OF RIVERS: A CRITICAL REVIEW1

ABSTRACT: The Chubb/Bauman (Ch/B) method for making quantitative estimates of recreation potential for rivers is based on the 1968/ 69 Leopold method for quantitative assessment of the scenic beauty of rivers. Both use classifications of environmental variables as the database. Unlike the Leopold method, the classifications used in the Ch/B method consistently reflect human preferences. The Ch/B method collects information on 67 variables, and uses a computer program to produce estimates of potential for 16 common recreation activities. This critique evaluates selected concepts and procedures of the Ch/B method partly by comparison with other available methods of recreation resource inventory. It considers the validity and utility of numerical weighting of variables, the use of numbers derived from place in a classification, and the transformation process. The quantitative techniques of the method exhibit serious flaws. Much of the data produced by the method appears to be quantitative but in fact is not, and it does not produce truly quantitative estimates of recreation potential. Classifications of generalized geographic or environmental variables are shown to have serious defects as a basis for evaluation of recreational potential.     

Effects of climate and landcover change on stream discharge in the Ozark Highlands,USA

Stream discharge of a watershed is affected and altered by climate and landcover changes. These effects vary depending on the magnitude and interaction of the changes, and need to be understood so that local water resource availability can be evaluated and socioeconomic development within a watershed be pursued and managed in a way sustainable with the local water resources. In this study, the landcover and climate change effects on stream discharge from the Jacks Fork River basin in the Ozark Highlands of the south-central United States were examined in three phases: site observation and data collection, model calibration and simulation, and model experiment and analysis. Major results of the study show that climate fluctuations between wet and dry extremes resulted in the same change of the basin discharge regardless of the landcover condition in the basin. On the other hand, under a specified climate condition landcover change from a grassland basin to a fully forested basin only resulted in about one half of the discharge change caused by the climate variation. Furthermore, when landcover change occurred simultaneously with climate variation, the basin discharge change amplified significantly and became larger than the combined discharge changes caused by the climate and landcover change alone, a result indicating a synergistic effect of landcover and climate change on basin discharge variability. Agricultural Research Division, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Contribution Number 13437.Qi Hu: Corresponding author: Dr. Qi Hu, Climate and Bio-Atmospheric Sciences Group, School of Natural Resource Sciences, 237 L.W. Chase Hall, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583-0728, USA. E-mail: qhu2@unl.edu.     

遥感解译监测鞍山市森林资源现状

利用美国陆地资源卫星TM5遥感信息，调查分析了鞍山市森林资源现状。结果表明，鞍山市共有森林资源466933．52hm^2，占全市土地面积的50．32％，其中灌木林占森林面积的81．11％。在此基础上，分析了存在的主要问题，并提出了恢复途径及生态建设模式。     

不同类型国家资源战略实施的启示及我国资源战略的选择

资源战略是经济发展战略的重要组成部分。不同的国家有着不同的资源战略。本文通过对不同类型国家资源战略实施成败的分析，从中总结了３点有益的启示：①世界经济发展中的相互依赖越来越强；②资源战略的选择要符合本国的实际；③经济结构要多样化。本文还对我国高耗、低效、封闭式的资源战略的形成作了深入的分析，并提出了我国资源战略选择的４个主要方面：①多样化是中国资源战略的出发点；②充分利用国内资源，积极利用国外资源是我国资源战略的核心；③保护资源与环境是我国资源战略的重要组成部分；④建立资源节约型国民经济体系，是我国资源战略的目标。     

纳米磁流体及其在水资源保护中的应用前景

在简要讨论水体油污染严重,保护水资源重要性的基础上,介绍基于纳米科学技术的新型材料纳米磁流体的制备、性质及其重要应用。重点讨论纳米磁流体在水体油污染治理中急待深入开展的研究内容及其在水资源保护中良好的应用前景。     

内蒙古草原四种主要禾本科牧草若干生理特性的研究

禾本科牧草是内蒙古草原植物群落中最重要的优势植物。其中，无芒雀麦（Ｂｒｏｍｕｓｉｎｅｒｍｉｓ）、冰草（Ａｇｒｏｐｙｒｏｎｃｒｉｓｔａｔａｕｍ）、老芒麦（Ｅｌｙｍｕｓｓｉｂｉｒｉｃｕｓ）和麦草（Ｅｌｙｍｕｓｔａｎｇｕｔｏｔｕｍ）是大部分草原的建群种。本文运用室外试验田材料采集和室内实验测定相结合的手段分别为这４种禾木科牧草的蒸腾强度、光合作用、叶绿素含量等生理特性进行研究，结果表明，禾本科牧草一日内蒸腾强度最高值出现于１２：００－１４：３０，到下午４：００有一小回升；光合强度以开始繁殖期为最强。四种牧草中生产潜力最高的是老芒麦。在内蒙古草原上，水分是非常重要的要素，测定表明，空气相对湿度与老芒麦的叶子含水量呈正相关，相关系数达０．９９３。     

浅析基于科学发展观的太仓市水资源保护措施

本文以江苏省太仓市为实例，结合当今国内快速城市化地区水资源的保护现状，吸取了美国等发达国家对于城市水资源保护的先进理念和科学方法，有针对性地提出了基于科学发展观的当地水资源保护的有效措施，可供类似地区借鉴。     

浅谈土地资源开发利用中存在的问题及对策

土地资源现状存在的问题:耕地不断减少、土地利用结构不合理、土地营养失调、土地污染严重.保护措施:科学编制土地利用规划,严格使用审批手续;有效控制土地减少趋势,抑制交通,城建用地过快增长,合理开发荒地、闲散废弃地和复垦;完善法制建设,严格依法管理、调整现行土地税费体系;采取有力措施防治乡镇、企业水污染、化肥污染、应用薄膜污染等.