资源型城市绿色GDP核算研究——以陕西省榆林市为例

根据联合国制定的SEEA2003核算体系的方法,对我国城市社会经济核算体系进行纠正,提出了榆林市的绿色GDP(GGDP)核算模式。对2001-2006年榆林市传统GDP及GGDP核算结果进行对比分析,结果表明：①2001年以来,榆林市GDP分别在129.31×10⁸～439.48×10⁸元之间,GGDP则分别在55.02×10⁸～329.90×10⁸元之间,各年度GGDP/GDP(%)分别在42.55%～75.07%之间;②自2001年以来,榆林市的土壤资源、林木资源、水资源以及矿产资源的变化,致使GGDP/GDP产生了较大的变化,其中资源消耗账户中土壤资源的耗减成本是GGDP核算的最大贡献因子;同时,资源消耗账户占GDP比重处于24.74%～57.20%之间。③环境质量退化账户主要是由水体污染、大气污染、工业固体废弃物污染以及环保人员支出等构成,自2001年以来除工业固体废物污染持续保持较高比例外,其它污染成本基本保持均衡,其占GDP的百分比处于0.20%～0.29%之间。     

Spatial characteristics analysis by PCR-DGGE for bacterial communities in surface sediments of Tangxi River,Hefei City北大核心CSCD

Microbes play an important role in material circulation and pollutant release in urban sediments, and its community structure can provide an important basis for evaluating the pollution load and ecosystem health of an urban river. In this study, bacterial communities in sediments from different locations of Tangxi River in Anhui Province were analyzed and compared, with an objective of evaluating the effects of aquatic environment on spatial characteristics of bacterial communities and the feasibility of using bacterial community composition as an indicator of urban river health. PCR-DGGE was applied to analyze the bacterial communities; fifteen major bands of 16S rDNA genes fragments from DGGE profiles of sediment samples were further eluted from gel, reamplified and sequenced. The sequences of these fragments were compared with the database in GenBank (NCBI). The collected samples were clustered based on UPGM Aanalysis. In addition, relationships between bacterial communities and environmental factors were analyzed by Monte Carlo test and redundancy analysis (RDA). The DGGE profiles indicated that upstream surface sediments had about 30 bands, but the differences in brightness were not significant. Although midstream surface sediments had only 18 bands on average, the brightness of some bands was relatively high, indicating that some dominant species of bacteria existed in these sediments. The amounts of bands in downstream sediments were between those of upstream and midstream, with some bands of high brightness. The NCBI comparison results showed that ten sequences shared 98-100% homology with known sequences, one with 97%, and the other four with uncultured bacteria. Shannon index (H) of bacterial diversity from upstream surface sediments was 3.31 on average, which was significantly (P < 0.05) higher than that of midstream surface sediments, and slightly higher than that of downstream surface sediments. UPGMA results showed both the distribution of bacteria communities and the diversity were strongly related with the sampling locations (Eigenvalue = 0.188, P = 0.134). Monte Carlo test and RDA analysis showed that the ion exchangeable form of nitrogen (IEF-N) was the main factor influencing the spatial characteristics of bacterial communities in the sediments. The aquatic plants had a significant effect on the richness of bacterial communities in the sediments, and the effectiveness of plant species was more notable than that of the vegetation coverage. The above results indicated that bacterial community structure and diversity in the surface sediments can well reflect the degree of urbanization development and effectiveness of ecological restoration in Tangxi River region.     

Structuring decisions about energy in developing communities: an example from Canada's north

Decisions about energy in developing communities are challenging from a technical standpoint, and because of the unique characteristics that typify them, e.g. limited infrastructure and government budgets, complex social and political arrangements, and economic vulnerability. Against the backdrop of these challenges, the government of Canada's Northwest Territories (NWT) is attempting to reform the region's energy system. This paper provides insights from the decision sciences, stemming from our work on the NWT's energy planning process, about how to structure decisions about energy development and delivery so as to effectively meet a range of stakeholders’ objectives in a transparent and inclusive manner.     

Household evacuation characteristics in American Samoa during the 2009 Samoa Islands tsunami

Tsunamis represent significant threats to human life and development in coastal communities. This quantitative study examines the influence of household characteristics on evacuation actions taken by 211 respondents in American Samoa who were at their homes during the 29 September 2009 M_w 8.1 Samoa Islands earthquake and tsunami disaster. Multiple logistic regression analysis of survey data was used to examine the association between evacuation and various household factors. Findings show that increases in distance to shoreline were associated with a slightly decreased likelihood of evacuation, whereas households reporting higher income had an increased probability of evacuation. The response in American Samoa was an effective one, with only 34 fatalities in a tsunami that reached shore in as little as 15 minutes. Consequently, future research should implement more qualitative study designs to identify event and cultural specific determinants of household evacuation behaviour to local tsunamis.     

双台子河口湿地不同植物群落土壤营养元素及含盐量研究

采用时空互代法,选择辽宁双台子河口湿地中芦苇（Phragmites australis（Clav.）Trin.）、香蒲（Typha orientalis Presl.）、碱茅（Puccinellia distans Parl）和碱蓬（Suaeda salsa）4种群落,研究了不同植物群落土壤中营养元素和含盐量分布特征,...     

上海水体营养分级的群落代谢率模型

在标准实验条件下测定天然浮游生物群落产氧率（Ｐ）和呼吸率（Ｒ）。同时结合总氮、总磷、叶绿素ａ等水质化学、生物学指标,运用方差分析、多元逐步回归分析等定量研究手段,确定Ｆ值即√Ｐ×（Ｐ／Ｒ）为代谢率的合适指标评价富营养化。在概率基础上确定Ｆ值的开发型分类,并建立了能快速、准确差别营养污染程度的差别模型。     

低密度聚乙烯微塑料对土壤中含氧多环芳烃自然衰减的影响

农田土壤中微塑料的不断积累可能会影响含氧多环芳烃（OPAHs）的自然衰减行为.通过土壤微宇宙实验,研究了质量分数为1 %和0.01 %低密度聚乙烯微塑料（LDPE）对土壤中OPAHs自然衰减的影响,并探究了细菌群落响应与OPAHs自然衰减的关联.土壤中初始ω（OPAHs）为34.6 mg·kg^-1,培养14 d时LDPE抑制了土壤中OPAHs的自然衰减,LDPE处理组ω（OPAHs）较对照组高出0.9~1.6 mg·kg^-1,抑制程度随LDPE质量分数增大而增大;28 d时3个处理组间土壤中OPAHs含量无显著差异,LDPE抑制效应消失.LDPE处理未改变OPAHs污染土壤中群落优势物种组成,但影响了部分优势物种相对丰度;使门水平上变形菌门和放线菌门等相对丰度增加;使属水平上芽孢杆菌属相对丰度下降,而小单孢菌属、鞘氨醇单胞菌属和硝化螺旋菌属相对丰度增加（为LDPE及内源物的潜在降解菌）,这4个菌属均是属水平上主导组间群落差异的主要物种.LDPE使细菌群落的α和β多样性发生了变化,但差异不显著.LDPE影响了细菌群落的功能,降低了多环芳烃降解基因的总丰度及部分降解酶丰度,抑制了多环芳烃降解菌的生长,进而干预了OPAHs自然衰减.     

PFU微型生物群落监测中异养性指数的应用研究及其分形分析

对常德和汉江的异养性指数(HI)进行了分形分析,表明异养性指数在二维空间分布具有自相似性.异养性指数数据点与化学综合污染指数(P)数据点在双对数坐标中分段拟合时,当常德和汉江的LogP分别小于0 602和0 493时,常德和汉江的分形维数分别为0 39332和0 74110;当常德和汉江的LogP大于0 602和0 493时,常德和汉江的分形维数分别为0 30678和0 27239.拐点的出现表明异养性指数的变化在两个尺度域内遵从着不同的规律.拐点尺度以前,分维数较高,表明群落组成复杂,群落所受污染压迫较小.拐点以后,分维数较低,表明群落组成逐渐简单,群落所受的污染压迫较大.因此对异养性指数的分形研究,可以较好的反映微型生物群落在受到不同的污染压迫时,群落组成从复杂到简单演替过程中的动力学过程.另外,在水质微型生物群落监测方法(PFU)的4个生物参数中,除异养性指数外,其它3个参数都要求有原生动物分类基础,在显微镜下用活体鉴定种类,要求仔细观察,不能遗漏种类,对分析人员的技能要求高.但异养性指数(HI)靠仪器测定,易于掌握.     

Knowledge for environmental governance: probing science–policy theory in the cases of eutrophication and fisheries in the Baltic Sea

How science and policy interact has been a major research focus in the International Relations (IR) tradition, using the epistemic community (EC) concept, as well as in the alternative perspective of Science and Technology Studies (STS). Should science be autonomous and as apolitical as possible in order to ‘speak truth to power’, as suggested by EC or should the inevitable entanglement of science and politics be accepted and embraced so as to make advice more conducive to negotiating the explicit travails of political decision-making as suggested by STS? With this point of departure, we compare similarities and differences between science–policy interactions in the issue areas of eutrophication and fisheries management of the Baltic Sea. To examine how knowledge is mobilised, the concepts of ‘uncertainty’ and ‘coherence’ are developed, drawing on both EC and STS thinking. We then reflect on the explanatory value of these approaches in both cases and discuss how a separation of science and policy-making in the pursuit of achieving scientific consensus leads to ineffectual policies. Drawing on STS thinking, we urge for a re-conceptualisation of coherence in order to accommodate a more reflexive practice of science–policy interactions.     

Air pollution impact assessment on agroecosystem and human health characterisation in the area surrounding the industrial settlement of Milazzo (Italy): a multidisciplinary approach

In order to evaluate the impact of atmospheric pollutants emitted by the industrial settlement of Milazzo (Italy) on agriculture, sulphur dioxide and ozone levels in air were monitored and the data were used to estimate yield losses of the most widespread cultures. Trace element concentrations in crops and soils were also detected and metabolic profiles of soil microbial communities were considered. Vibrio fischeri test was used to appraise airborne pollutant ecotoxicity and epidemiological studies on causes of death distribution were carried out to characterize health state of people living in the area. All the sampling points were selected in farms on the basis of a theoretical meteo-diffusive model of industrial air pollutants. Experimental SO₂ and O₃ values mainly exceeded the threshold established by Italian and EU regulations to protect vegetation and they correspond to estimated significant crop losses. Conversely toxic element residues in soils and in agroalimentary products were generally lower than the fixed values. SO₂ and O₃ concentrations, toxic element contents and ecotoxicity levels of airborne pollutants were not related only to industrial site emissions, while the fluctuations on metabolic profiles of soil microbial communities seem to agree with the predicted deposition of xenobiotic compounds from the industrial plants. The epidemiological study evidenced a better health state of populations living in the investigated area than in the Messina province and the Sicily region but, inside the area, males living in the municipalities closest to the industrial settlement exhibited a worst health state than those in the very far ones.