辽东湾浮游生物粒径结构稳定性分析

基于2012~2014年春、夏、秋、冬季辽东湾网采浮游生物及环境因子的调查资料,采用显微测微计法结合粒径谱理论分析了辽东湾南、北2个区域的浮游生物粒径结构特征,并构建了浮游生物群落稳定性评估模型.结果表明,辽东湾海域浮游生物不同营养级间能量传递效率近似相等,但生态转化效率偏低; 2012~2014年辽东湾南部区域稳定性系数平均为0.53,北部区域平均为0.47,南部区域浮游生物群落整体上较北部稳定,夏季表现更为明显,说明南部区域受环境胁迫影响较小;海水营养状况分析表明,北部区域属于富营养化水平较高海域,营养指数(E)平均为1.69,南部区域基本属于低营养水平,营养指数(E)平均为0.42,富营养化会导致系统偏离稳定状态;本文构建的浮游生物群落稳定性评估模型可尝试比较不同海域浮游生物群落的健康状况.     

山地河流水电开发对河岸带植物群落特征的影响

为充分了解水电开发对山地河流河岸带植物群落特征的影响,于2014年采用植被常规调查方法,在九龙江源头河流地村溪依次设置RS(源头)、PL(皮寮)、HKU和HKD(环坑水坝上游和下游)、GXU和GXD(高厦水坝上游和下游)6个样地,分析其物种多样性、相似性等的变化特征. 结果表明:①水坝建成后,水坝上游和下游流速、水位及河宽存在显著差异(P<0.05). ②沿河流纵向的自由流动河段,Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和Pielou均匀度指数均随与源头距离的增加而增大,分别由0.30±0.24、0.22±0.17增至0.87±0.20、0.38±0.03;Simpson优势度指数随与源头距离的增加而减小,HKU样地Simpson优势度最低,仅为0.20±0.10;受水电开发影响河段,水坝上游样地的Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和Pielou均匀度指数均高于水坝下游样地,而Simpson优势度低于水坝下游样地. ③沿河流横向,河岸带不同断面植物群落多样性都符合中度干扰假说,水坝建设对河流横向物种多样性的影响不显著;Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和Pielou均匀度指数变化总体上变化趋势一致,均表现为先升后降. ④相似性分析表明,沿河流纵向,水坝上、下游样地间物种相似性相对较高,不同组样地之间高地物种相似性最高的是HKU-HKD(0.270 3),河岸带物种相似性最高的是RS-PL(0.612 2);沿河流横向,HKU(0.392 9)、HKD(0.372 5)和GXD(0.348 8)样地的高地-河岸带物种相似性相对较高,GXU(0.173 9)样地的高地-河岸带物种相似性最低,表明水电开发导致水坝下游河岸带植物主要来源于本地种子库而非区域种子库. 结果显示,水电开发是造成河岸带植物群落发生变化的主导因子,导致水坝下游河岸带和高地物种组成趋向同质化,土地利用格局、河岸带及周围的人类干扰同样会影响河岸带植物群落的多样性和相似性.      

Cost analysis of alternative methods for wastewater handling in small communities

Wastewater collection and treatment is quite important for sustainable management. It would be uneconomical and impractical to provide sewer systems and separate wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) for small communities. The decision process in wastewater planning is rather important in terms of comparing the alternatives considered. The two important points in the management of wastewater at rural areas not connected to a sewer system are to develop an optimized operation strategy and to make sure that the complete system is environmentally and economically sustainable. In some regions, package treatment could be an alternative solution. However, in cases where there is an existing large WWTP, a cluster system, where sewage generated by small communities could be transported via conveyors to a centralized WWTP, could be employed. In this study, the wastewater treatment and disposal problems in small communities were addressed and an alternative wastewater handling scenario was proposed. Additionally, three wastewater handling scenarios were compared. As a case study, Gebze villages were selected.     

Application of biochemical fingerprinting and fatty acid methyl ester profiling to assess the effect of the pesticide Atradex on aquatic microbial communities

We investigated changes in biomass, biochemical fingerprints, fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) profile and functional status of the natural aquatic microbial communities upon impact of an Atradex pulse. The Atradex was applied to microcosm tanks at concentrations ranging from 24.5microgL(-1) to 245mgL(-1). The biomass of all microbial communities declined to a minimum level on day 4 with the effect being more pronounced in treated groups. Similarity between microbial communities also decreased on day 4 with the greatest change occurring at a concentration of 245mgL(-1) Atradex. After 8 days exposure to Atradex, microbial communities in all treated groups (except tanks spiked with 245mgL(-1) Atradex) recovered and showed similar metabolic fingerprints and FAME profiles to those of controls. Our results indicate that exposure to an Atradex pulse at concentration above 245mgL(-1), may irreversibly change the structure and functional status of aquatic microbial communities.     

Effect of birch (Betula spp.) and associated rhizoidal bacteria on the degradation of soil polyaromatic hydrocarbons, PAH-induced changes in birch proteome and bacterial community

Two birch clones originating from metal-contaminated sites were exposed for 3 months to soils (sand-peat ratio 1:1 or 4:1) spiked with a mixture of polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs; anthracene, fluoranthene, phenanthrene, pyrene). PAH degradation differed between the two birch clones and also by the soil type. The statistically most significant elimination (p ≤ 0.01), i.e. 88% of total PAHs, was observed in the more sandy soil planted with birch, the clearest positive effect being found with Betula pubescens clone on phenanthrene. PAHs and soil composition had rather small effects on birch protein complement. Three proteins with clonal differences were identified: ferritin-like protein, auxin-induced protein and peroxidase. Differences in planted and non-planted soils were detected in bacterial communities by 16S rRNA T-RFLP, and the overall bacterial community structures were diverse. Even though both represent complex systems, trees and rhizoidal microbes in combination can provide interesting possibilities for bioremediation of PAH-polluted soils.     

转Bt基因水稻残留秸秆对农田底栖动物的影响

为研究转Bt基因水稻秸秆残留对稻田内底栖动物的潜在影响,利用转Bt基因水稻“华恢1号”及其亲本“明恢63”的秸秆进行稻田填埋试验,分析转Bt基因水稻秸秆中Bt蛋白对秸秆分解和底栖动物多样性的影响. 结果表明:①在填埋的水稻秸秆上共发现223个底栖动物,分属9个科,其中,在转Bt基因和非转基因水稻秸秆上均发现7个科. ②秸秆种类和秸秆填埋时间对底栖动物丰度、物种数、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、辛普森优势集中性指数(Simpson diversity index)和Pielou均匀度指数均无明显影响. ③转Bt基因和非转基因水稻秸秆剩余率均随着填埋时间的延长而逐渐降低,填埋7周后,两种类型秸秆剩余率平均值均为44.0%,二者之间无明显差异. ④在填埋的7周内,转Bt基因水稻秸秆中w(Bt蛋白)平均值为1.99~3.04 μg/g,7周后为2.04 μg/g. 研究显示,稻田残留的转Bt基因水稻秸秆对底栖动物多样性无显著影响.      

尾水排放对受纳水体底栖生物膜细菌群落和水溶性有机质的影响机制

底栖生物膜是河流生态系统重要的初级生产者,能够对外界环境变化做出迅速响应,在河流碳循环过程中扮演重要角色.然而,人们对于污水处理厂尾水受纳河流底栖生物膜细菌群落与水溶性有机质(water-soluble organic matter,WSOM)的特征及内在联系的认识还十分有限.本研究使用16S rRNA高通量测序、紫外可见光谱和三维荧光-平行因子分析解析代表性污水处理厂尾水受纳区底栖生物膜细菌群落和WSOM的特征.结果表明,底栖生物膜WSOM中识别出两种类腐殖质组分和一种色氨酸类蛋白组分,其中大分子类腐殖质在底栖生物膜WSOM中占据优势地位.尾水区底栖生物膜细菌群落的均匀度及多样性沿程提高,相较于未受污染的上游区,污染源头区和污染下游区生物膜细菌群落结构更加稳定.发色水溶性有机质(colored water-soluble organic matter,CWSOM)、有机质芳香性和分子量是影响尾水区底栖生物膜细菌群落变化的主要因素,其中芳香性色氨酸类蛋白对生物膜细菌群落变化的解释度最高(34％).共现网络揭示了细菌群落与WSOM组分之间复杂的相互关系,Proteobacteria和Halobacterota通过碳循环过程参与生物膜WSOM的新陈代谢,生物膜细菌群落与WSOM的组成将以一种动态变化的模式对尾水排放做出响应.本研究为探寻尾水受纳区水生态变化的指示标志提供了新的思路.     

膜生物反应器降解对氨基苯磺酸的性能及微生物群落特征

为研究MBR(膜生物反应器)降解SA(对氨基苯磺酸)的性能,构建一套连续流MBR,针对ρ(SA)为25 mg/L的模拟废水进行处理,并通过高通量测序对MBR运行过程中微生物群落特征变化进行生物学层面的分析.结果表明:经过31 d的启动驯化后,SA基本可以完全降解,COD_Cr、NH₄+-N、TN和TP的去除率分别为87.63%±5.95%、91.94%±8.80%、32.38%±11.6%和85.69%±13.82%.对驯化及稳定运行阶段的污泥进行微生物菌群分析结果表明,在“门”水平上主要的微生物菌群为拟杆菌门、变形菌门和绿弯菌门,其中拟杆菌门是处理含SA废水的优势菌群.在“科”水平上,噬几丁质菌科、腐螺旋菌科、红环菌科、丛毛单胞菌科和拜叶林克氏菌科为主要的微生物菌群,随着反应器的长期驯化和运行,噬几丁质菌科逐渐成为反应器中优势菌群.研究显示,MBR对SA、COD_Cr、NH₄+-N和TP都有很好的去除效果,拟杆菌门和噬几丁质菌科分别为处理SA的优势“门”和“科”.      

苯并[a]芘厌氧降解的苯酚共基质协同作用与污泥微生物特性

苯并[a]芘(Ba P)是焦化废水中PAHs的典型代表,也是行业优先控制的污染物,其微生物响应特性以及降解的促进方法值得研究;新建焦化废水处理工程的调试运行,接种的污泥多来源于市政污泥或其他焦化厂的污泥,目前缺乏不同污泥微生物特性、有效性及其影响条件的考察.针对上述观点,选用厌氧反应器,分别采集某焦化废水处理厂以及市政污水处理厂的厌氧活性污泥,研究比较市政污泥和焦化污泥对Ba P的耐受及降解能力,以10 mg·L~(-1)的Ba P为唯一碳源及添加苯酚作为共基质,进行Ba P的微生物降解与动力学实验,用高通量测序技术分析了两种污泥在降解实验前后的微生物群落结构,阐明其变化.研究结果表明:两种污泥都能降解Ba P,苯酚共基质促进了降解效果;市政污泥的降解效率要好于焦化污泥,以Ba P为唯一碳源时,市政污泥和焦化污泥的半衰期分别为116.3 d、155.41 d,加入苯酚后,半衰期分别为38.44 d、81.25 d;群落测序分析表明,两种污泥经Ba P驯化后,群落组成都发生了较大变化,市政污泥变化远大于焦化污泥;焦化污泥经Ba P驯化后,微生物的优势菌属和驯化前差别不大,且其优势菌属都是已经报道的能够降解PAHs的菌属;市政污泥经过同样的驯化以后,微生物的优势菌属和驯化前差别较大,丰度占比最大的并不是常见的PAHs降解菌类;作为PAHs的常见降解菌属,Bacillus sp.、Pseudomonas、Achromobacter以及Sphingomonas sp.在两种污泥中均能被鉴定出来,其百分含量比较靠前.综合研究结果认为,未经过焦化废水毒性抑制的市政污泥在对Ba P的利用上更活跃,被理解为是更多种类的微生物参与到了对污染物的降解;苯酚的存在会促进Ba P等PAHs的降解,获得的启示是富集了PAHs的焦化污泥排出系统后可以通过生活污水与苯酚的共同添加实现减量化处理.