Performance and microbial community analysis of an algal-activated sludge symbiotic system: Effect of activated sludge concentration

It was focused on the effect of different sludge concentrations on the performances of an algal-activated sludge symbiotic system in terms of wastewater treatment, algal-activated sludge characteristics and community structure. The results showed that the highest nutrient removal efficiencies were obtained in the reactor R~2 with soluble chemical oxygen demand(sC OD), ammonia nitrogen(NH_4~+-N) and phosphate(PO_4~(3-)-P) removal efficiencies of(90.6 ± 2.3)%,(97.69 ± 2.6)% and(83.81 ± 2.3)%, respectively. Further investigation exhibited that sludge concentration has a great effect on the dissolved oxygen(DO) concentration, the pH, the growth of algae and the extracellular polymeric substance(EPS) production, which resulted in influencing the settleability and the performance of symbiotic system. The denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis(DGGE) analysis demonstrated that the sludge concentration had a selective power for particular members of algae. Meantime, the stimulated algal population would selectively excite the members of bacteria benefited for the formation of algal-bacterial consortia.The variation of microbial compositions, which was influenced by the different sludge concentrations, might be ultimately responsible for the different treatment performances.     

沼液施用对麦稻茬口期土壤微生物群落结构特征及功能的影响

为揭示麦稻茬口期沼液施用对土壤微生物群落及功能的影响,通过土柱试验,设置麦秆还田后3种处理［无氮肥（CM）、常规施肥（SN）和添加沼液（SZ）］,采用Illumina高通量测序技术分析了土壤淹水后1 d和21 d土壤细菌及真菌群落的组成、多样性和结构差异,并对其功能进行预测.微生物多样性分析表明,1 d时各处理的真菌α多样性指数均显著高于21 d处理且各处理间无显著差异;21 d时各处理细菌Simpson指数开始出现差异,SZ-21处理的细菌Simpson指数高于SN-21处理,而细菌Chao1指数显著低于SN-21处理;细菌群落结构分析表明,1 d时,SN处理的厚壁菌门、绿弯菌门和放线菌门与其它处理差异较大,而21d时,SZ和SN处理的各细菌菌门相对丰度相似;真菌群落结构分析表明,1 d时,SZ处理中的子囊菌门和接合菌门相对丰度高于SN和CM处理;21 d时,SN和SZ处理的子囊菌门相对丰度均低于CM处理,而接合菌门的相对丰度均高于CM处理.NMDS分析表明,21 d时,SN和SZ处理的细菌和真菌群落组成均有逐渐相似的趋势.PICRUSt功能分析表明,不同时期和不同处理的土壤细菌群落在功能层上表现相似,FUNGuild功能预测反映SZ-21和SN-21处理的真菌功能主要差异体现在腐生营养型和病理营养型上.综上说明茬口期施沼液在一定程度上可以替代化肥平衡土壤养分和维持土壤生态功能,但仍可能存在真菌致病风险.     

Levels of community participation and satisfaction with decentralized wildlife management in Idodi-Pawaga Wildlife Management Area,Tanzania

Participatory approaches to conservation are viewed as a plausible alternative to the old ‘fortress conservation’ approach. The design and implementation of these approaches in developing countries have tended to embrace community participation through decentralized governance mechanisms in the past three decades. However, sustainable conservation approaches that maintain community livelihoods while conserving biodiversity are challenged with meeting both objectives. In addressing this challenge, little attention has been given to an empirical analysis of community’s satisfaction levels on how they participated in the design and implementation of this approach. In this article, we use a mixed method approach using both quantitative and qualitative data to examine levels of satisfaction and participation of local communities in the Idodi-Pawaga Wildlife Management Area (WMA), south-western Tanzania. We find that social economic factors (e.g. age, household size, gender, number of years living in the same location and participation/non-participation) influence, in different ways, the satisfaction levels of community’s participation towards the WMA creation. Due to inadequate participation, we find that the WMA design and implementation process failed from the beginning to actively involve the local communities and this has resulted in the near absence of the promised economic benefits from wildlife conservation. We suggest that participation should go beyond the simple information sharing to actively engage the local communities in key planning activities from the beginning of any WMA programme. It is also important to take into consideration their levels of satisfaction with the process of decision-making if meaningful decentralized governance is to be achieved.     

太湖东部水域浮游硅藻群落特征及其与环境因子关系

对太湖东部水域9个点位浮游硅藻的群落结构进行了分析。结果表明,9个点位的生物多样性处于一般到较丰富状态,其水质为中污染到轻污染;硅藻群落的物种丰富度、生物量和密度因水域地形特点、换水周期等因素出现差异,在半封闭水体中的物种丰富度较差,生物量和藻密度较高,优势种所指示的水质处于中等偏下水平。硅藻相对多度和各项环境因子冗余分析显示,总磷(TP)对群落的组成和分布影响显著。东北部水域浮游硅藻群落主要受到TP和浊度(NTU)的影响,东南部水域浮游硅藻群落受到TP和NTU的影响则很小。     

丁草胺污染对高产水稻土微生物区系的影响

土壤微生物多样性是表征土壤质量最有潜力的指标,与农田生态系统的稳定性和生产力密切相关。云南永胜涛源乡是保持我国水稻小面积超高产纪录的特殊生态区,常年施用丁草胺作为选择性芽前除草剂,因此,了解丁草胺对其土壤微生物物种多样性的影响意义重大。采用平板菌落计数法,研究了模拟条件下不同丁草胺剂量（有效成分质量分数0.15、0.30和1.5 mg·kg^-1）对高产水稻土中好氧细菌（aerobic bacteria）、放线菌（actinobacteria）和真菌（fungi）,以及功能微生物自生固氮菌（nitrogen fixing bacteria）、磷酸盐溶解菌（phosphate solubilizing bacteria）和硅酸盐细菌（silicate dissolving bacteria）数量的影响。结果表明：施药7 d,中、高质量分数（0.30和1.50 mg·kg^-1）丁草胺处理好氧细菌数量比CK分别高出78.6%和153.8%,而后数量逐渐下降,表现出先刺激生长、后抑制活性的作用,低质量分数（0.15 mg·kg^-1）丁草胺对好氧细菌的生长和增殖影响不明显;施药7 d,高质量分数处理放线菌数量超过CK 75.1%,表现出明显的刺激作用;施药15 d,中等质量分数处理放线菌数量比 CK 高出125.0%,丁草胺浓度越高,刺激作用越迅速,低浓度丁草胺对放线菌则主要表现为抑制作用。低浓度丁草胺对真菌的生长和增殖基本没有影响,中等浓度有先抑制后刺激的作用,施药30 d后其真菌数量超过CK 56.9%,高浓度丁草胺则表现为抑制作用,施药7、30和45 d其真菌数量始终显著低于CK;不同浓度处理丁草胺均能刺激自生固氮菌的数量显著增加,施药7 d,低、中、高质量分数处理自生固氮菌数量分别高出CK 237.1%,179.9%和138.1%,刺激作用显著,但随培养时间延长,高浓度开始表现出抑制作用;不同浓度丁草胺均能抑制磷酸盐溶解菌的生长和增殖,低浓度处理抑制作用微弱,中、高浓度处     

Rural well-being: the push and pull and the diversity in-between

This article proposes an analytical framework for developing indicators of agriculture and rural community sustainability, including the symbiotic relationship between sustainable agriculture and rural well-being. Rural well-being offers a sustainable approach to healthy lifestyles that are based on a balance of many complex components including social, economic, and environmental issues. The United States (US) and the United Kingdom (UK) have taken positions on these issues. The United States Department of Agriculture is ‘committed to helping improve the economy and quality of life in rural America’ through loans and subsidies (USDA 2015). The USDA Sustainable Agriculture Research and Education (SARE) program vision is to sustain ‘an enduring American agriculture of the highest quality that is profitable, protects the nation’s land and water and is a force, providing a healthy and rewarding way of life for farmers and ranchers whose quality products and operations sustain their communities and society’ (SARE 2016; Smart, Sandt and Chris Zdorovtsov 2016). UK government and non-government agencies have taken a more holistic approach to rural well-being in their efforts to achieve a more balanced social–economic–environmental state of rural well-being. The UK interpretation of Community Supported Agriculture is a tested example of this sustainable approach to fostering rural well-being (Saltmarsh et al. 2011).     

历山山核桃群落物种多样性特征

采用Patrick指数、Simpson指数、Shannon指数、Pielou指数、Alatalo指数等5个多样性指数,结合TWINSPAN分类,研究历山自然保护区山核桃(Juglans mandshurica)群落的物种多样性与群落类型、结构及环境因子的关系.结果表明:TWINSPAN分类将35个样方分为7个群丛,各群丛的物种丰富度指数、多样性指数和均匀度指数之间存在差异,各群丛乔木层、灌木层和草本层之间的丰富度指数和均匀度指数也存在差异,山核桃群落物种多样性受其所处的坡向、坡度、土壤类型等物理微环境及群落物种组成、干扰等共同影响.方差分析结果表明:各群丛间丰富度指数、多样性指数和均匀度指数差异不显著,各群丛乔木层、灌木层和草本层之间的丰富度指数和均匀度指数也差异不显著,这说明山核桃群落生境异质性小,物种对地带性气候有相似的适应特征以及相似的资源利用方式.     

鸭粪和环丙沙星对潮土微生物群落功能多样性的影响

为了评价鸭粪中残留的环丙沙星(ciprofloxacin,CIP)对土壤微生物群落功能多样性的影响,布置培养试验,设五个处理,分别是Ⅰ:CK(对照)、Ⅱ:CIP(人工添加的CIP)、Ⅲ:DF(添加不含抗生素的鸭粪)、Ⅳ:DF+CIP(在Ⅲ的基础上再外源添加CIP)、Ⅴ:DF(CIP)(粪源CIP即含有CIP的鸭粪),培养81 d。借助Biolog技术研究了不同来源的CIP对土壤微生物功能多样性的影响。结果表明,培养1 d后,反映土壤微生物活性的平均颜色变化率(AWCD)表现为DFDF+CIPDF(CIP)CKCIP,说明环丙沙星对土壤微生物活性具有一定的抑制作用,且随着培养时间的延长其抑制作用减弱;添加鸭粪显著增强了土壤微生物活性和群落功能多样性;与人工添加进鸭粪中的环丙沙星相比,粪源环丙沙星对微生物活性的抑制作用更强,并显著降低了土壤中利用碳源微生物的物种丰富度指数(H)、均匀度指数(E)、优势度指数(Ds)和碳源利用丰富度指数(S);在培养过程中,土壤微生物利用的主要碳源种类随培养时间延长有所变化,初期利用的主要是糖类、羧酸类、聚合物类、胺类以及氨基酸类,后期主要是糖类和羧酸类。     

紫茉莉对石油污染盐碱土壤微生物群落与石油烃降解的影响

以石油污染盐碱土壤为研究对象,利用磷脂脂肪酸(PLFAs)活性微生物标记法,分析紫茉莉(Mirabilis jalapa Linn.)根际土壤微生物群落结构的动态变化,探讨紫茉莉生长对根际土壤微生物与石油烃(TPH)降解的影响.结果表明,供试土壤中先后出现了22种微生物PLFAs,包括标识细菌的饱和脂肪酸(SAT)、标识革兰氏阳性菌(G+)的末端支链型饱和脂肪酸(TBSAT)、标识革兰氏阴性菌(G-)的单不饱和脂肪酸(MONO)和环丙脂肪酸(CYCLO)、标识真菌的多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)和标识放线菌的中间型支链型饱和脂肪酸(MBSAT)等六大类型.与未种紫茉莉土壤(CK)相比,根际土壤微生物PLFAs种类变异率在春、夏、秋季分别为71.4%、69.2%和33.3%;TPH降解率在春、夏、秋季分别提高了47.6%、28.3%、18.9%.相关性分析表明,石油烃的降解在CK土壤中与77.8%的PLFAs具有正相关关系(r0),55.6%的种类具有高度正相关关系(r≥0.8),其中,与SAT和MONO类群的相对含量正相关,相关系数分别为0.92、0.60;根际土壤中仅与42.1%的PLFAs正相关,21.1%的种类高度正相关,与TBSAT、MONO和CYCLO类群的相对含量正相关,相关系数分别为0.56、0.50、0.07.说明紫茉莉生长对根际土壤微生物群落结构及TPH降解速率均具有较大影响,且随生长季节的不同而有很大差异.该结果将为开展石油污染盐碱土壤的植物修复技术研究提供理论依据.     

浙江沿海无居民海岛植物群落物种组成及多样性

无居民海岛是自然资源的宝库,人类活动对无居民海岛的影响日益剧烈,掌握它们的植物群落物种组成和多样性现状有利于进行海岛植被多样性的监测和保护。本文运用植物群落生态学方法,对浙江沿海5个无居民海岛的植被物种组成及多样性进行了研究。结果如下:(1)调查区域共记录到高等植物77科,166属,226种,其中草本151种,木本植物75种。基于双向指示种分析方法(TWINSPAN)分析,将该区域植物群落分为17个类型。(2)17个群落的物种Shannon指数均在1.91?—?2.60,Pielou指数(均匀度指数)值在0.80附近浮动,Margalef指数(丰富度指数)在1.86?—?3.80,各个群落的丰富度指数与多样性指数变化趋势大体一致,与群落均匀度无明显关系。植物区系成分多样,主要为泛热带成分和北温带成分。本研究可为我国沿海无居民海岛的资源保护及其开发利用提供科学数据。