北京气温与小儿呼吸道疾病相关性研究

本文研究了北京大气温度的变化与小儿呼吸道疾病的关系，结果表明北京大气温度升高与小儿呼吸道疾病的发生率呈负相关，ｒｓ＝０．５３０，ｐ＜０．０１，北京冬季小儿呼吸道疾病为小儿疾病发生率的首位，而且呈周期性变化，本文还讨论了小儿呼吸道疾病的病因及其防治。     

雾霾天气空气污染下户外跳舞对机体呼吸系统的损伤效应研究

雾霾天气对户外跳舞人员呼吸系统损伤极大.为了确定雾霾天气对人体呼吸系统影响的严重程度,文章研究雾霾污染对户外跳舞人员呼吸系统的急慢性危害,通过采集呼吸系统主观感受指标、确定户外跳舞人员痰液中炎性因子含量,建立了雾霾对机体呼吸系统损伤效应研究优化模型.设计仿真对比试验结果表明,所设计模型,能确定雾霾对人体呼吸系统损伤的严重程度,帮助人们提前做好防范工作.     

不同劳动强度下人体呼吸参数变化实验研究

人体呼吸参数对呼吸防护装备内部微环境的稳定性至关重要，为获得不同劳动强度下人体呼吸参数及变化规律，以相对心率指数表征劳动强度等级并设计构建呼吸参数采集系统。通过开展多人次不同劳动强度呼吸实验，记录实时瞬时心率、呼吸压力、呼吸频率数据并采集呼出气样本，进行气相色谱分析。研究结果表明:相对心率指数能够消除劳动强度表征中的个体差异及劳动形式差异，对劳动强度具有良好表征作用；呼吸压力及频率随劳动强度增加呈现增强和变大的趋势；心率及呼吸压力信号的样本熵显示，心率稳定性随劳动强度的增加而降低，呼吸模式稳定性则增强；呼出气中O2含量随劳动强度增加而降低，CO2与H2O含量呈现增长趋势，绝对变化量及变化比例随劳动强度不同呈现明显差异。     

Toxic effects of phosphoramidate on Paramecium sp. with special emphasis on respiratory metabolism,growth, and generation time

The toxicological impacts of the increasing number of synthetic compounds present in the aquatic environment are assessed predominantly in laboratory studies where test organisms are exposed to a range of concentrations of single compounds. Protozoan cells are often used as bioindicators for the presence of xenobiotic compounds. In this article, we describe the inhibitory effect of a synthetic phosphoramidate derivative at different concentrations (40, 60, and 80?µmol?L^?1) on Paramecium sp., affecting its growth (proliferation) in concentration-dependent manner, as well as the generation time and response percentage. The LC₅₀ value determined for these protozoa was estimated at 60?µmol?L^?1 on 24?h of exposure. The respiratory metabolism of protozoan is perturbed at three concentrations, noting that the oxygen consumption was significantly increased at high concentrations after 18?h of exposure. In addition, the data can be used as reference values in further testing with other pesticides.     

Metal Interactions in carcinogenesis†

Mixed exposures to a number of metallic compounds may give rise to a carcinogenic response in humans.

An interaction between occupational exposure to arsenic and cigarette smoking has been documented epidemiologically. A multiplicative effect was indicated concerning the occurrence of lung cancer when both of the exposures were present. Several experimental studies have been reported in the literature concerning interactions between benzo(a)pyrene and Fe₂O₃ as well as some other metallic compounds like Ni₃S₂, PbO, MgO and TiO₂ in relation to respiratory carcinogenicity. There is also limited evidence of a positive interaction between arsenic trioxide and benzo(a)pyrene. Particles containing V and Ni were obtained from the flue gases of power plants burning heavy fuel oil. Such particles were not carcinogenic themselves but enhanced the carcinogenicity of benzo(a)pyrene even more efficiently than Fe₂O₃.

Increased dietary selenium intakes can decrease the carcinogenicity of several organic carcinogens in animals and dietary zinc can effectuate both enhancement and inhibition of carcinogenicity depending on dietary concentration.     

PM2.5个人防护用品现状与发展趋势

以PM2.5为主要危害的雾霾污染在我国愈演愈烈,民众对相应的个人呼吸防护用品也越来越重视。PM2.5防护用品现已成为日常消费品之一。本文从PM2.5个人防护用品的防护原理、产品类别特点、检测检验标准方法等方面进行综述,总结现有防护用品的质量技术水平及存在的问题,提出未来发展的重点和方向,以求推动我国民众对PM2.5防护认识和防护能力的提高。     

空气污染与呼吸系统疾病对儿童肺功能的交互影响

在中国4城市儿童肺功能的队列研究数据基础上,通过3步回归的统计方法,就空气污染和支气管炎或哮喘的交互作用对儿童肺功能的影响进行了研究.结果发现,空气颗粒物与支气管炎或哮喘等呼吸系统疾病对儿童肺功能有不利影响,而儿童在短期内患过支气管炎或哮喘会显著地加重空气颗粒物污染对FVC和FEV1的有害影响,但从长期来看,这种有害影响趋于减弱.对于FEV1/FVC,支气管炎或哮喘与空气颗粒物对肺功能的作用是独立的.与气态污染物相比,颗粒物与呼吸系统疾病对儿童肺功能的交互作用更大.     

邻苯二甲酸二乙基己酯(DEHP)毒理与健康效应研究

邻苯二甲酸二乙基己酯(DEHP)作为重要的聚氯乙烯塑料增塑剂在工业上应用广泛。目前,DEHP在海洋、大气、饮用水及动植物体内均被不同程度检出,对生态环境造成日益严重的污染。结合国内外毒理学研究成果,概述DEHP的人体暴露及代谢途径;并从肝脏、心脏、生殖发育系统和呼吸系统等方面详细探讨DEHP对动物健康的危害及其可能的毒性机制,以及对人体健康潜在的影响;在此基础上,对目前存在的问题及进一步研究的方向进行了探讨和展望。     

养鸡场空气微生物污染及工人呼吸暴露风险

动物养殖场是空气环境微生物污染的重要来源,然而目前关于养殖场空气中微生物污染特征的时间规律少有报道.针对以上情况,以蛋鸡场为例,采用16S rRNA基因扩增子测序分别对养殖场空气和粪便环境中细菌分布特点及呼吸暴露展开为期80余周的研究.结果表明,空气和粪便样本中16S rRNA含量范围分别在6.08×10⁵ ~4.90×10⁶ copies·m^-3和4.27×10⁸ ~1.15×10¹⁰ copies·g^-1之间.空气中细菌浓度的平均值在冬季显著高于夏季,而生物多样性则呈现相反趋势.蛋鸡场空气与粪便中的优势细菌门均为厚壁菌门（Firmicutes）.在所调查时间内,空气中前3个优势菌属的种类较为稳定,依次为乳杆菌属（Lactobacillus）、拟杆菌属（Bacteroides）和栖粪杆菌属（Faecalibacterium）,而粪便中优势菌属则随养殖时间的增加波动较大.空气和动物粪便中细菌和致病菌群落结构的相关性均不显著,但不同介质中两种目标微生物的含量均显著相关.粪便中细菌的气溶胶化指数随养殖时间的增加而呈上升趋势,而致病菌趋势相反.其中,瘤胃菌科torques属（[Ruminococcus]_torques_group）、拟杆菌属（Bacteroides）和栖粪杆菌属（Faecalibacterium）为最易发生气溶胶化的前3个致病菌属.养鸡场工人的细菌呼吸暴露具有季节性差异,其中细菌和致病菌摄入量的平均值分别为2.54×10⁷ copies·d^-1和2.87×10⁵ copies·d^-1.研究结果将为系统评估养殖场空气微生物的污染特征和潜在健康风险,对以及制定相应的职业暴露行业标准和防控措施提供科学依据.