氮磷比对湖泊富营养化模型参数敏感性的影响

运用Morris方法研究了蓝藻暴发期不同氮磷比条件下,巢湖富营养化模型中蓝藻、溶解有机碳、营养物和溶解氧的参数敏感性.结果表明：蓝藻的敏感参数随氮磷比不同有显著差异;氮缺乏情况下,蓝藻对氮转化过程相关参数较敏感;磷缺乏情况下则反之.在任何氮磷比条件下,溶解有机碳、营养物和溶解氧等非生物变量都是对直接参与其自身转化过程的参数最为敏感,它们在不同氮磷比情况下的敏感参数差异较小.相比较蓝藻生长过程的参数,基础代谢过程的参数对所有变量的影响都更强.此外,各个参数的敏感性与它们的相互作用强度呈显著正相关,且这种相关性在极端氮或磷缺乏情况下尤为显著.本研究的结果有助于深入理解湖泊富营养化现象、改善富营养化模型模拟效果和精度.     

螺形龟甲轮虫形态结构对环境变化的响应

以螺形龟甲轮虫为研究对象,于2015年7月至2018年12月,选取广东南澳岛及湖南常德中营养至中度富营养水体共14个样点进行采样,对螺形龟甲轮虫进行了形态特征测量分析.结果表明,水温是螺形龟甲轮虫形态变化最主要影响因子,且与背甲长、背甲宽、棘刺长度均呈显著负相关（P<0.01）.不同纬度条件下螺形龟甲轮虫形态参数差异显著,常德地区螺形龟甲轮虫个体显著大于南澳地区（P<0.05）.螺形龟甲轮虫形态存在显著季节性变化,各形态参数随季节波动呈现夏秋、冬春分化模式.螺形龟甲轮虫后棘刺长随水体营养程度增加而减小（F=159.4,P<0.01）,富营养条件下后棘刺长度占全长的比例减小（F=167.5,P<0.01）.研究结果表明,螺形龟甲轮虫棘刺长度可作为水质生物监测指标,并为研究全球气候变暖提供重要参考.     

大尺度生态干扰风险评估技术方法及应用研究

为实现大尺度生态干扰高风险区域的快速、有效识别,从生态易损性、干扰易达性和资源易引性三个方面选取了9个指标,构建了生态干扰风险评估指标体系和评估模型,形成了完整的大尺度生态干扰评估技术与方法.利用该技术方法,本文评估分析了全国国土空间生态干扰风险状况、空间分布格局及其成因,并结合2017~2019年全国自然保护区人类活动监测数据和《全国主体功能区规划》中生态脆弱性评价结果对生态干扰风险评估结果进行了精度分析.结果显示：超过90%的自然保护区人类活动都集中在评估得到的中高风险区域;全国生态干扰风险主要以中风险为主、低风险次之、再次是较低风险、较高和高风险区域面积最少;其中较高和高风险区域主要分布在我国中西部和东北部的秦岭、祁连山、三江源和内蒙古草原等区域,生态干扰风险空间分布格局与生态系统结构与功能状况、地形与交通条件、资源潜力等因素具有较强相关性.     

Marine aquaculture regulates dissimilatory nitrate reduction processes in a typical semi-enclosed bay of southeastern China

Marine aquaculture in semi-enclosed bays can significantly influence nutrient cycling in coastal ecosystems. However, the impact of marine aquaculture on the dynamics of dissimilatory nitrate reduction processes (DNRPs) and the fate of reactive nitrogen remain poorly understood. In this study, the rates of DNRPs and the abundances of related functional genes were investigated in aquaculture and non-aquaculture areas. The results showed that marine aquaculture significantly increased the denitrification (DNF) and dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium (DNRA) rates and decreased the rate of anaerobic ammonium oxidation (ANA), as compared with non-aquaculture sites. DNF was the dominant pathway contributing to the total nitrate reduction, and its contribution to the total nitrate reduction significantly increased from 66.72% at non-aquaculture sites to 78.50% at aquaculture sites. Marine aquaculture can significantly affect the physicochemical characteristics of sediment and the abundances of related functional genes, leading to variations in the nitrate reduction rates. Although nitrate removal rates increased in the marine aquaculture area, ammonification rates and the nitrogen retention index in the aquaculture areas were 2.19 and 1.24 times, respectively, higher than those at non-aquaculture sites. Net reactive nitrogen retention exceeded nitrogen removal in the aquaculture area, and the retained reactive nitrogen could diffuse with the tidal current to the entire bay, thereby aggravating N pollution in the entire study area. These results show that marine aquaculture is the dominant source of nitrogen pollution in semi-enclosed bays. This study can provide insights into nitrogen pollution control in semi-enclosed bays with well-developed marine aquaculture.     

A field experiment characterizing variable detection rates during plant surveys

Surveys aimed at finding threatened and invasive species can be challenging due to individual rarity and low and variable individual detection rates. Detection rate in plant surveys typically varies due to differences among observers, among the individual plants being surveyed (targets), and across background environments. Interactions among these 3 components may occur but are rarely estimated due to limited replication and control during data collection. We conducted an experiment to investigate sources of variation in detection of 2 Pilosella species that are invasive and sparsely distributed in the Alpine National Park, Australia. These species are superficially similar in appearance to other yellow-flowered plants occurring in this landscape. We controlled the presence and color of flowers on target Pilosella plants and controlled their placement in plots, which were selected for their variation in cover of non-target yellow flowers and dominant vegetation type. Observers mimicked Pilosella surveys in the plots and reported 1 categorical and 4 quantitative indicators of their survey experience level. We applied survival analysis to detection data to model the influence of both controlled and uncontrolled variables on detection rate. Orange- and yellow-flowering Pilosella in grass- and heath-dominated vegetation were detected at a higher rate than nonflowering Pilosella. However, this detection gain diminished as the cover of other co-occurring yellow-flowering species increased. Recent experience with Pilosella surveys improved detection rate. Detection experiments are a direct and accessible means of understanding detection processes and interpreting survey data for threatened and invasive species. Our detection findings have been used for survey planning and can inform progress toward eradication. Interaction of target and background characteristics determined detection rate, which enhanced predictions in the Pilosella eradication program and demonstrated the difficulty of transferring detection findings into untested environments.     

重污染天气应对“绩效分级、差异化管控”措施首次实践效果后评估

为提高重污染天气应对的科学性和精准度,2019年7月生态环境部制定重污染天气应对“绩效分级、差异化管控”措施.为应对9月底至10月初的重污染过程,京津冀及周边共68个城市启动重污染预警,该措施得以首次实践.通过时间序列断点回归方法对该措施效果进行评估发现,空气质量改善存在滞后的现象,SO₂、 NO₂和CO这3个气态污染物改善速度较快,对涉及二次生成的O₃和PM_2.5两个污染物见效速度相对较慢. 10月1日恰逢在北京举办庆祝中华人民共和国成立70周年阅兵式,对10月1日当天进行评估,发现与假如不采取措施的情形相比,重污染应急措施使北京市PM_2.5、 NO₂和CO日均浓度显著下降,下降幅度分别为54.1%、 62.4%和25.8%.如果不采取重污染应急措施,北京10月1日上午可能出现中重度污染,但实际上空气质量保持在良的水平.区域启动预警的68城市PM_2.5、 PM₁₀、 NO₂、 SO     

掘进面出风口风流与风幕调控下的粉尘分布响应曲面优化研究*

为了解决煤矿掘进面风筒出风口参数不能动态变化,而传统风幕全断面控尘效果不理想引起的粉尘浓度高等问题,通过分析风幕和出风口参数对粉尘分布规律的影响,以此得到合理的出风口风流与风幕综合调控方案,降低粉尘浓度。以陕西神木柠条塔煤矿N1212巷道为研究对象,利用Fluent软件建立出风口风流与风幕综合调控的粉尘场有限元模型,设计出风口风流及风幕综合调控响应曲面实验,得到最佳综合调控方案为:风幕射流出口宽度为0.16 m,风幕射流出口速度为6 m/s,出风口口径为0.9 m,出风口右偏角度为3°。搭建相似模拟实验平台来验证最佳综合调控方案,研究结果表明:调控后回风侧行人呼吸处和司机位置处粉尘平均浓度分别降低89%和81%,有效改善掘进面作业环境。     

面向设计的地铁车站防火安全韧性评价*

为提升地铁车站防火安全韧性,以设计方案为切入视角,基于防火安全韧性的吸收、抵抗、恢复和适应能力4个维度,构建基于ANP-熵权法面向设计的地铁防火安全韧性评价指标体系,运用逼近理想解法建立地铁车站防火安全韧性设计评价模型,通过3个已建地铁车站（青岛、沈阳、福州某地铁车站）的设计案例验证该模型的有效性和可行性。研究结果表明:3个应用案例中,沈阳某地铁车站设计防火安全韧性最高,福州某地铁车站设计防火安全韧性最低,需进一步提升防火安全能力。评价结果与各案例的实际运行阶段基本吻合,研究思路和结果对改善地铁车站的防火安全设计具有一定参考意义。     

五氯酚胁迫对转基因杨树光合光响应特性的影响

以从美国引入的转基因杨树(Populus deltoides×nigra,DN34)为材料,设置0、50、100 mg·kg~(-1)三个五氯酚胁迫质量分数开展温室盆栽试验,利用Li-6400便携式光合作用测量系统研究五氯酚污染胁迫下转基因杨树对光强的生理响应.结果表明:与对照相比,相同光强下50和100 mg·kg~(-1)质量分数的五氯酚胁迫均降低了转基因杨树叶片的净光合速率(P_n)、蒸腾速率(T_r)、胞间CO_2摩尔分数(C_i)和气孔导度(G_s).因此高质量分数五氯酚比低质量分数五氯酚对转基因杨树光合作用产生更大的抑制响应.     

Role of competition in phytoplankton population for the occurrence and control of plankton bloom in the presence of environmental fluctuations

Termination of harmful algal blooms (HABs) and coexistence of phytoplankton–zooplankton populations are of great importance to human health, ecosystem, environment, tourism and fisheries. In this paper, we propose a three component model consisting of non-toxic phytoplankton (NTP), toxin producing phytoplankton (TPP) and zooplankton (Z). The growth of zooplankton species is assume to reduce due to toxic chemicals released by TPP population. We have extended the model proposed by Chattopadhyay et al. [Chattopadhyay, J., Sarkar, R.R., Pal, S., 2004. Mathematical modelling of harmful algal blooms supported by experimental findings. Ecol. Comp. 1, 225–235] by including competition terms between TPP and NTP. We observe the effect of competition factors both in the presence and absence of the environmental fluctuation. From our field as well as model analysis we observe that competition helps in the coexistence of the species, but if the effect of competition is very high on the TPP population, it results in planktonic bloom. It is shown that the coexistence equilibrium loses its stability when the competition coefficient crosses a critical value and resulting Hopf-bifurcation around the positive equilibrium depicting oscillations phenomena of the populations.