芬顿试剂与DDBAC联合调理污泥的工艺优化

研究了不同pH值下芬顿试剂(H2O2/Fe2+)与表面活性剂(DDBAC)联合调理对污泥脱水性能的影响,以污泥滤饼含水率(WC)和毛细吸水时间(CST)作为评价指标进行单因素试验,得出pH值以及药剂投加量最佳范围.然后通过以响应曲面优化法(RSM)为依据的Box-Behnken试验,建立了WC和CST减少率二次多项式预测模型,进而得到各影响因素的最优值.结果表明,联合调理过程中pH=3.91,H2O2、Fe2+和DDBAC的投加量分别为47.60, 38.60, 58.20mg/g时, WC降至60.26%, CST减少率升至89.89%, 污泥脱水性能明显改善.同时,在最优条件下进行了验证试验,试验结果与模型预测值基本吻合,表明基于响应曲面法所得的最佳工艺参数准确可靠,对相关污泥处理及条件优化具有一定的指导意义.     

响应曲面法在反硝化生物滤池运行参数优化中的应用

为预测反硝化生物滤池深度处理城镇污水处理厂二沉池出水的脱氮效果,优化工艺运行参数,以黏土陶粒反硝化生物滤池作为反应器,以人工合成污水模拟污水处理厂二沉池出水,采用中心组合试验设计,利用响应曲面法研究反应器NO₃--N去除率与HRT(水力停留时间)、进水中ρ(COD_Cr)和ρ(NO₃--N)之间的关系. 统计结果显示,NO₃--N去除模型极显著(P<0.000 1),并且模型预测值与试验值能很好地吻合. 方差分析结果表明,HRT及其与进水中ρ(NO₃--N)和ρ(COD_Cr)的交互作用对反硝化滤池NO₃--N的去除率影响不显著(P>0.05),而进水中ρ(NO₃--N)和ρ(COD_Cr)及其交互作用对反硝化滤池NO₃--N的去除具有显著影响(P＜0.05). 3个因素对NO₃--N去除率影响强弱的顺序为进水ρ(COD_Cr)>进水ρ(NO₃--N)>HRT. 在HRT为2.50 h的条件下,当进水中ρ(NO₃--N)＜11.00 mg/L及ρ(COD_Cr)＞43.00 mg/L时,反硝化滤池NO₃--N的去除率可以达到71.0%以上.      

微量金属元素投加量优化组合对污泥发酵产乙酸的影响

污泥厌氧发酵生产乙酸是实现污泥减量化和资源化的有效途径. 为了提高污泥中的ρ(乙酸),分别考察了Fe2+、Co2+、Cu2+、Zn2+和Mn2+5种微量金属元素的投加影响. 结果表明,5种微量元素都可以促进污泥中乙酸的产生,作用大小依次为Co2+>Mn2+>Fe2+> Zn2+>Cu2+. 但当Fe2+、Co2+、Cu2+、Zn2+和Mn2+投加量(以w计)分别超过0.100 0%、0.006 0%、0.002 0%、0.004 0%和0.100 0%时,ρ(乙酸)却明显下降. 分别选取Fe2+(0.040 0%~0.150 0%)、Co2+(0.002 0%~0.008 0%)、Cu2+(0.000 5%~0.006 0%)、Zn2+(0.000 5%~0.010 0%)和Mn2+(0.040 0%~0.150 0%)进行响应面条件优化试验. 在Fe2+、Mn2+投加量均为0.090 0%,Co2+、Zn2+投加量均为0.005 0%,Cu2+投加量为0.003 5%的组合优化条件下,ρ(乙酸)高达3 452 mg/L,比优化前提高了61.80%. 最优的微量元素投量组合条件下获得的试验结果与二次响应面回归模型预测值(3 475 mg/L)拟合率高达99.34%,表明所建立的回归模型可行.      

民用核能利用公众参与的权利表达和立法完善

涉核邻避事件表明,民用核能利用决策中公众参与的法律供给并不能有效满足现实的权利需求。民用核能利用公众参与权利分解为知情权、参与权和监督权,发挥着认知、沟通、认同、示助的功能,但也存在公众知识与能力有限、自利动机等局限性。本文认为,应理性对待公众参与权利,以防出现公众参与的效力过高或过低的情形。现行法中,我国民用核能利用公众参与呈现形式化保护到权利性保护的立法趋势,但权利内容并未达到完整表达,权利的实现途径和效力平衡的规定并不充分。因此,建议全面确立公众知情权;增强公众参与权的权能,包括保障公众的程序进入权、意见表达权,构建公众获得回应权和合理意见获得采纳权的保障机制;拓补公众监督权。     

钼尾矿制备硅微粉

以钼尾矿为原料,采用酸溶—碳酸钾沉淀法制备硅微粉。考察了反应温度、反应时间、K₂CO₃质量分数对产品中SiO₂质量分数和SiO₂产率的影响。得到的优化工艺条件为：钼尾矿粒径小于74 μm,反应温度50 ℃,反应时间60 min,K₂CO₃质量分数50%。在此工艺条件下,SiO₂产率可达98.92%,产品硅微粉的SiO₂质量分数达98.44%,粒径为100~200 nm,超过中华人民共和国黑色冶金行业标准《不定型耐火材料用二氧化硅微粉》（YB/T 115—2004）中SF96指标（SiO₂质量分数≥96.0%）的要求。     

超临界机组与凝改抽机组供热方案的能耗分析

针对北方某城市的一个规划采暖供热区域的350MW超临界机组供热和将原有2×220MW纯凝机组改为供热机组供热的两种供热方案,就两种不同供热方案的初投资能耗和运行能耗进行了综合能耗比较,从节能的角度就供热方案的选择给出了参考意见。     

Origins and scales of hypoxia on the Louisiana shelf: Importance of seasonal plankton dynamics and river nutrients and discharge

Management plans for the Mississippi River Basin call for reductions in nutrient concentrations up to 40% or more to reduce hypoxia in the Gulf of Mexico (GOM), while at the same time the government is considering new farm subsidies to promote development of biofuels from corn. Thus there are possibilities of both increasing and decreasing river nutrients depending on national priorities. River flow rates which also influence the extent of hypoxia on the shelf may be altered by global climate change. We have therefore developed a series of simulations to forecast ecosystem response to alterations in nutrient loading and river flow. We simulate ecosystem response and hypoxia events using a linked model consisting of multiple phytoplankton groups competing for nitrogen, phosphorus and light, zooplankton grazing that is influenced by prey edibility and stoichiometry, sub-pycnocline water-column metabolism that is influenced by sinking fecal pellets and algal cells, and multi-element sediment diagenesis. This model formulation depicts four areas of increasing salinity moving westward away from the Mississippi River point of discharge, where the surface mixed layer, four bottom layers and underlying sediments are represented in each area. The model supports the contention that a 40% decrease in river nutrient will substantially reduce the duration and areal extent of hypoxia on the shelf. But it also suggests that in low and middle salinity areas the hypoxia response is saturated with respect to nutrients, and that in high salinity regions small increases in nutrient and river flow will have disproportionally large effects on GOM hypoxia. The model simulations also suggest that river discharge is a stronger factor influencing hypoxia than river nutrients in the Mississippi River plume. Finally, the model simulations suggest that primary production in the low salinity regions is light limited while primary production in the higher salinity zones is phosphate limited during the May to October period when hypoxia is prevalent in the Mississippi River plume.     

Modeling the refuge effect of submerged macrophytes in ecological dynamics of shallow lakes: A new model of fish functional response

Submerged macrophytes often provide refuge for zooplankton from fish predation in temperate and subtropical shallow lakes. However, since the relationship between submerged macrophyte abundance and its refuge effect has not been well established, the refuge effect is difficult to be simulated. In this paper, we constructed mathematical models to describe the refuge effect of submerged macrophytes on fish foraging activities and ecological dynamics of shallow lakes based on the previous studies. We clarified the underlying behavioral mechanisms of the observed functional responses through analyses of the fish foraging behavior, extracted the affected variables related to the refuge effect, formulized the relationship between the affected variables and submerged vegetation density, and determined parameter values with a compensative procedure. Calibration and validation results indicated that the new functional response model was successful to simulate the refuge effect on interfering with fish foraging behavior. Moreover, the model was cooperated into a minimal ecological model for shallow lakes. Modeling results showed that the model was able to simulate the refuge effect in ecological dynamics, and made the ecological model produce significantly different results from those with the existing functional response models.     

耐低温混菌降解苯系物的特性及菌种鉴定研究

以吉化双苯厂被硝基苯、苯系物（BTEX）污染的土壤为菌源,经过筛选驯化得到一组在低温条件（10℃）下可降解苯系物（BTEX）的混菌。室内研究表明,在10℃,pH=6.8,苯系物（BTEX）总质量浓度200mg·L^-1的条件下,84h后该菌对苯、甲苯、乙苯、二甲苯的降解率依次为93.2%、95.6%、91%、88.4%、对6种质量浓度的苯系物（BTEX）污染物中最难降解的苯进行降解动力学曲线模拟,当苯质量浓度小于17.48mg·L-1时,降解符合一级降解动力学,当苯的质量浓度为17.48～195.30mg·L^-1时,降解符合零级降解动力学、该混菌降解效果稳定、适应环境能力强,经80次传代后仍能保持良好的降解效果,且在6个不同地区含有不同背景组成的地下水中降解效果稳定、应用Biolog细菌自动鉴定系统和16SrDNA序列分析方法对降解率较高的3株菌B2、B4、B6作菌种鉴定,B2为嗜麦芽糖寡养单胞菌（Stenotrophomonas maltophilia）,B4为斑生假单胞菌（Pseudomonas maculicola）,B6为多刺假单胞菌（Pseudomonas spinosa）。     

燃煤流化床钙基脱硫剂对NO转变率的影响及机理

在φ150mm×1000mm流化床试验台上,温度区间840℃～960℃,研究了钙基脱硫剂品种、粒径和Ca/S比对NO转变率的影响.阐述了钙基脱硫剂使NO转变率增加机理试验发现,同等质量钙基脱硫剂使NO增加的次序为氧化钙、石灰石、方解石;Ca/S比越大,NO转变率越高;粒径为1～2mm时NO转变率最大,2～3mm时次之,0.2～1mm时最小.加入脱硫剂降低了HCl、HF、SO₂的浓度,导致O、H、HO₂浓度升高,CO的氧化反应加速,在床料、燃料灰催化作用下CO与NO的反应减慢,最终导致NO浓度升高.