景观生态学在旅游规划中的应用

应用景观生态学原理，分析在景观生态学指导下旅游规划的基本过程。提出了旅游规划的景观生态学原则：整体优化原则、多样性原则、综合效益原则、个性与特殊保护原则；以及景观生态学在旅游规划中的宏观应用与微观应用。指出旅游地景观生态规划是在景观水平层次上对旅游地的旅游景观、环境景观等所进行的一种规划，它本质上是一种包含“旅游”、“景观”、“生态”三方面的综合性规划，而景观生态学在旅游规划中的微观应用则主要体现在对景观结构要素斑-廊-基的具体设计上，全文深入探讨了“规划结合自然”的旅游规划的景观生态学途径。     

Partitioning of resources in production: an empirical analysis

Industrial economies ingest materials, energy and information to produce goods and services and excrete wastes and emissions. Wastes can be minimized and the relative amounts of resources, which go into goods and services, as opposed to waste, are essential to clean production and to the sustainability of the production system. A regression model based on empirical data is presented that provides a partition coefficient expressing the ratio of energy (or material) resources invested in goods to energy going to waste. Partition coefficients are developed for five countries and are shown to be related to GDP, energy and material consumption and energy and waste intensities. Higher partition coefficients mean higher productivity and lower energy, waste and material intensities. In addition, energy use/capita and pollution/capita is lower. The price of energy to the industrial sector is related to the partition coefficient. The policy implications are that partitioning of resources to goods should be maximized and waste minimized for economic as well as environmental reasons.     

Landscape pattern and its effect on ecosystem functions in Seoul Metropolitan area: urban ecology on distribution of the naturalized plant species

During land transformation process in the human history,naturalized plants were introduced to several land use patterns by the different ways of plant itself .Including some naturalized plants that had been contribute to land restoration,many naturalized plants have been invaded to original habitat or landscape for native plants.Once the plants were colonized,they extend their area and population size.Urban developed areas often give an impotant role of source habitat for naturalized plants and expanding their popuation size.In recent,this tituation is appearing as one of environmental problems about the urban landscape management controlling the naturalized plants that invaded in the developed area and conserving the native vegetation.This paper is focusing on relationships between distribution of habitat of naturalized plants and landscape patch in urban area in Seoul.Gengdong-Gu ,one of the administrative areas in Seoul was selected for this study.We examined the recent land use change using LANDSAT TM data and spreading of the representative naturalized plants(Robinia pseudoacacia and Eupatorium rugosum)by Seoul Biotope Mapping Project and field survey in 1999.As a result,these two species were often occurred in the same habitat and distributed in forest edge disturbed by man.Their distribution patterns were related to landscape indices (patch size and shape)in the forest edge.     

Landscape ecological analysis of urban vegetation in Guangzhou, China

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景观生态学在国土空间治理中的应用

鉴于当前国土空间治理面临复杂的人类活动与自然环境相互作用而产生的生态风险与空间利用问题,基于景观生态学学科特质与生态文明建设要求,对当前国土空间治理工作进行梳理,归纳了明确的生态系统服务定位、高效的建成空间结构、适宜且多样的产业发展支撑、多等级的生态系统服务与安全保障等国土空间治理需求。同时,整合区域时空信息的理论基础与分析手段,提出景观生态学在国土空间治理中应落脚于：（1）识别并统一不同空间尺度的治理单元;（2）辨析并评估景观功能的空间分异;（3）构建基于生态风险防范的区域景观格局; （4）识别集约高效的城乡协调发展格局;（5）提出尺度联系的绿色发展架构;（6）明晰多级多样的生态保障方案。     

非人类存在物法律主体资格初探

现代生态伦理观将彻底改变传统人类中心主义伦理观,人类道德共同体的范围不断得到扩展。这是历史的必然,具有革命性和科学性,是对法学理论的创新和超越,也是对传统民法的突破,它以新的法哲学理念为坚实基础,是现代环境保护的必然要求,是现代环境法发展的必然趋势。     

The Role of the Concept of the Natural (Naturalness) in Organic Farming

Producers, traders, and consumers oforganic food regularly use the concept of thenatural (naturalness) to characterize organicagriculture and or organic food, in contrast tothe unnaturalness of conventional agriculture.Critics sometimes argue that such use lacks anyrational (scientific) basis and only refers tosentiment. In our project, we made an attemptto clarify the content and the use of theconcepts of nature and naturalness in organicagriculture, to relate this conception todiscussions within bioethical literature, andto draw the implications for agriculturalpractice and policy.Qualitative interviews were executed with arange of people in the field of organicagriculture and with consumers of organicproducts, on the basis of a list of statementsabout the meaning of the concept of naturalnessformulated by the authors. Based on the resultsof the interviews, we distinguished 3 aspectsof the concept of naturalness: natural as theorganic (life processes), natural as theecological, and natural as referring to thecharacteristic nature of an entity. We relatedthese conceptual aspects to three mainapproaches within the field of organicagriculture: the no chemicals approach, theagro-ecological approach, and the integrityapproach. It became clear that these approachescan also be recognized in the change ofattitude of farmers as they convert fromconventional to organic agriculture, and in theattitudes of consumers of organic foodproducts.We conclude that the idea of ``naturalness' canbe used to characterize organic agriculture andto distinguish it from conventionalagriculture, but only if naturalness not onlyrefers to not using chemicals but also toecological principles and respect for theintegrity of life. Thus perceived, theprinciple of naturalness can also serve as aguide to future developments in the field oforganic agriculture. As part of the holocentricethics of organic farming the value ofnaturalness has three dimensions: a cognitiveone, an emotive one, and a normative one.     

常州市住宅小区生态环境质量评价初探

建立了以大气环境质量、物理环境质量、建筑环境质量及生态环境质量4个评价指标和13个评价因子为主的住宅小区生态环境质量评价体系,通过对常州市6个典型住宅小区的监测评价,了解了目前常州市住宅小区生态环境质量状况,揭示了影响居民住宅小区生态环境质量的主要因素,并相应地提出了建议。     

Developing industrial water reuse synergies in Port Melbourne: cost effectiveness, barriers and opportunities

Urban water scarcity from ongoing drought and an increasing population are driving a range of water saving options to be explored in Melbourne (Australia). This paper assesses the cost effectiveness of five water treatment and industrial reuse options in the Fishermans Bend industrial area at Port Melbourne. In consultation with industrial stakeholders and the local water utility, the study design began by identifying potential water sources and sinks in the area. Treatment technologies for each option - using a combination of membrane bioreactors (MBR) and in some cases reverse osmosis (RO) technologies - were developed. In evaluating the potential for future implementation, the cost effectiveness ($/kiloLitre) was assessed relative to water supply augmentation and water demand management options available in Melbourne. Additionally, the opportunities and barriers for option implementation in Port Melbourne were contrasted with the Kwinana Industrial Area, Western Australia where many regional synergy projects have been undertaken. This research identifies that the future implementation of industrial ecology opportunities requires strong and ongoing stakeholder involvement as described in this paper.     

Critical success and limiting factors for eco-industrial parks: global trends and Egyptian context

The trend of clustering industries into regional estates or cities was adopted in the mid 1900’s. At present, the number of industrial estates in the world is estimated to be between 12,000 and 20,000 (UNEP, 1997) and this trend is continuing to rise in both developed and developing countries. The implementation of the EIP concept continues to evolve especially with the environmental threats and impact on climate change that industries pose. However, there is not yet a fully developed EIP that is operating; although some successful examples of regional by-product exchanges are functioning ( [Lowe, 2001], [Peck, 2002], [Lowe et?al., 1995] and [Chertow, 2000]). Actually, a significant number of projects have failed or have abandoned the goal of becoming an EIP. Furthermore the current body of knowledge on industrial ecology is not sufficient to provide practical solutions to the obstacles facing EIPs.This paper is based upon the Ph.D. Doctoral thesis research of D. Sakr. It was prepared to examine means to improve the uptake of cleaner production & industrial symbiosis in industrial areas in Middle East & North Africa Region focusing on Egypt as a case study. An extensive literature review was performed on eco-industrial development projects’ experiences around the world, in order to identify the critical driving and limiting factors for EIPs. This paper summarizes the lessons learned from worldwide EIP experiences as a basis for the planning and implementation of future EIPs. The paper reflects as well upon the Egyptian context for the identified EIP success and limiting factors. The identified key success and limiting factors are: the creation of symbiotic relationship, information sharing and awareness, financial benefits, organizational structure, and legal and regulatory framework.