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211.
212.
Norway has more than 100,000?km of coastline and associated shore zone. The shore zone is an attractive area for development and infrastructure on the one hand, and recreation and protection of biological diversity on the other. The Norwegian Planning and Building Act contains a general ban on any building in the area between the ordinary high water mark and up to 100?m inland from the shoreline. Exemptions can be granted, however, by the competent municipality through land planning and individual decisions. The importance attached to leaving the shore zone untouched varies from region to region. There are large geographical differences in terms of biodiversity, cultural heritage, landscape, development, development pressure, migration and depopulation, and commercial activity, as well as public access to the coastal areas and the ocean. Since 2011, the entire Norwegian shore zone became subject to guidelines that regulate a geographical differentiation of management and a more severe protection of central areas. This article analyses key aspects of the Norwegian shore zone regulation. 相似文献
213.
大气主要温室气体源汇及其研究进展 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
全球气候变暖是全球生态学的重点研究领域,近10余年来在世界范围内对引起气候变暖的温室气体源和汇进行了广泛的研究。文章综述了大气中几种主要温室气体(CO2、CH4和N2O)源和汇的种类及大小,认为在3种温室气体的源汇通量方面仍缺乏准确的定量认识,并存在许多不确定因素。通过分析近10年的国内外文献,总结出大气主要温室气体源汇的国际研究趋势主要是研究方法日益先进、研究地域不断扩大、注重温室气体通量对全球变化的响应以及多学科综合研究等方面。国内对温室气体源汇研究起步较晚,且存在观测点少、观测频度低、研究不够系统等不足,近几年在全国范围内实施的有关碳循环的重大科研项目在很大程度上促进了我国在温室气体源汇研究的发展。 相似文献
214.
Systematic reviews (SRs) and systematic mapping aim to maximize transparency and comprehensiveness while minimizing subjectivity and bias. These are time-consuming and complex tasks, so SRs are considered resource intensive, but published estimates of systematic-review resource requirements are largely anecdotal. We analyzed all Collaboration for Environmental Evidence (CEE) SRs (n = 66) and maps (n = 20) published from 2012 to 2017 to estimate the average number of articles retained at each review stage. We also surveyed 33 experienced systematic reviewers to collate information on the rate at which those stages could be completed. In combination, these data showed that the average CEE SR takes an estimated 164 d (full-time equivalent) (SD 23), and the average CEE systematic map (SM) (excluding critical appraisal) takes 211 d (SD 53). While screening titles and abstracts is widely considered time-consuming, metadata extraction and critical appraisal took as long or longer to complete, especially for SMs. Given information about the planned methods and evidence base, we created a software tool that predicts time requirements of a SR or map with evidence-based defaults as a starting point. Our results shed light on the most time-consuming stages of the SR and mapping processes, will inform review planning, and can direct innovation to streamline processes. Future predictions of effort required to complete SRs and maps could be improved if authors provide more details on methods and results. 相似文献
215.
216.
David Alexander JC Gaillard Ilan Kelman Fausto Marincioni Edmund Penning‐Rowsell Dewald van Niekerk Lauren J. Vinnell 《Disasters》2021,45(1):5-18
Nowadays there are approximately 80 Anglophone journals that deal primarily with disaster risk reduction (DRR) and allied fields. This large array signals a sustained, if uneven, growth in DRR scholarship but also competition between the offerings of different publishers and institutions. The purpose of this article is first to summarise the development of academic publishing on DRR from its early beginnings to the present day. The paper then evaluates the current state of publishing in this field and discusses possible future trends. Next, it identifies some possible opportunities, challenges, expectations, and commitments for journal editors both within DRR and academia more broadly, including those that refer to changes in the use of terminology, the relentless increase in the number of papers submitted, the expansion and dangers of predatory journals, different peer review models, open access versus paywalls, citations and bibliography metrics, academic social networks, and copyright and distribution issues. 相似文献
217.
国内关于旅游发展动力机制研究述评 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
旅游发展是一项系统工程,涉及到经济、社会、文化以及发展政策、旅游资源、消费趋势、旅游产品等方面的因素而不断发展.从旅游发展动力机制的角度,着重对我国旅游发展动力机制研究的理论框架、动力机制类型、区域旅游发展动力机制以及相关的案例进行述评,并结合当前我国旅游发展动力机制研究的趋势和重点,对旅游发展动力机制研究进行展望. 相似文献
218.
Evidence of an Edge Effect on Avian Nest Success 总被引:9,自引:0,他引:9
Abstract: Habitat fragmentation may modify ecological patterns by increasing the importance of edge effects, including elevating rates of predation on avian nests. Conventional wisdom suggests an increased rate of predation along habitat edges, and previous reviews support this view. These reviews did not apply recent statistical approaches, however, and some were based on a small number of studies. In our meta-analysis of 64 nest-predation experiments, our results supported prior reviews of the general pattern of increased nest predation along habitat edges ( p < 0.01). We separated studies into ecologically relevant categories and found the following patterns: (1) Edge effects were more pronounced in North America and northwestern Europe than in central Europe or Central America. This result may be biased, however, by the different habitats studied in the regions. (2) Marshes and deciduous forests had significant edge effects, whereas edge effects were not apparent in coniferous forests, tropical forests, or fields. (3) Ground and natural nest studies were more likely to exhibit edge effects. (4) Edge effects were detected in studies that used quail eggs and real eggs. (5) Edge effects were not significant when artificial nests were exposed for typical incubation periods, but were significant for shorter exposures. Three alternative hypotheses may explain increased nest predation along edges. The edge-effects hypothesis states that increased nest losses along edges are the result of the habitat discontinuity. The landscape-structure hypothesis states that more fragmented landscapes are more heavily depredated by nest predators. The human-disturbance hypothesis states that near anthropogenic edges increased nest predation is related to human activities. Nest-predation experiments should be placed in a landscape context to reveal differences between the hypotheses. 相似文献
219.
Ragwort (Senecio jacobaea and S. aquaticus) causes major losses to agricultural revenue and induces livestock morbidity throughout parts of Europe, North America, and
Australasia. The introduction of legislation in the U.K. and Australia has meant that landowners can be prosecuted if the
plant spreads to adjacent land, which has led to an increase in activities attempting to control these species. Commonly used
interventions include natural enemies, herbicide applications, manual and mechanical removal. Through the use of explicit
systematic methodology involving comprehensive searches and detailed inclusion criteria, data from primary research are collated
for each type of intervention. Meta-analyses show that 2,4-D, Asulam, Clopyralid, and MCPA are effective at reducing ragwort
densities. However, when the datasets were analysed for their effectiveness against individual species, 2,4-D and MCPA were
only effective against S. jacobaea, while Asulam was only effective against S. aquaticus. Natural enemies Longitarsus jacobaeae and a combination of L. jacobaeae and Tyria jacobaeae appear to have the potential to reduce S. jacobaea densities. Only applying T. jacobaeae does not appear to significantly reduce S. jacobaea densities, but does reduce the number of capitula per plant, seeds per capitula, viability of seeds, and dry weight of the
plants. There is insufficient experimental evidence available to assess other interventions such as manual or mechanical removal.
Further research into these types of interventions is recommended, as well as more detailed reporting of site characteristics
and experimental design to allow full investigation of each intervention to explain possible reasons for variations in their
effectiveness. 相似文献
220.
洪水风险分析的研究进展与展望 总被引:7,自引:2,他引:7
我国洪涝灾害频繁,损失极大,引人注目。洪水的风险分析工作是实施非工程措施,从而科学有效地防洪减灾的前提和基础。在概括系统风险定义和来源的基础上,对洪水风险分析的研究现状作了评述。洪水风险分析的研究方法已从直接积分法、蒙特卡罗法、均值一次两阶矩法,发展到改进一次两阶矩法、二次矩法和JC法等。综述了洪水风险分析的研究成果,同时建议:(1)明确并统一风险分析的内涵;(2)开展“风险分析的风险”的研究;(3)将熵理论引入到风险分析之中;(4)拓展风险分析的基本理论和研究方法,如应用模糊信息优化处理技术、灰色系统、未确知数学等。 相似文献