Acute impairing effects of morphine related to driving: A systematic review of experimental studies to define blood morphine concentrations related to impairment in opioid-naïve subjects

Objective: The objective of this study was to look for dose– and concentration–effect relationships in experimental studies on single-dose administration of morphine on traffic-relevant behavioral tests by a systematic literature review and possibly to see whether a dose/concentration could be defined below which few or no tests would be affected.

Methods: Searches for corresponding literature were conducted using MEDLINE, EMBASE, and PsycINFO, throughout March of 2016. The search strategy consisted of words colligated to cognitive and psychomotor functions of relevance to driving, in relation to morphine administration. The tests were arranged in main groups, and tests showing impairment were categorized by doses as well as calculated plasma concentrations.

Results: Fifteen studies were included in the review. Impairment after the administration of a single intravenously dose of morphine was found in some of the tests on reaction time, attention, and visual functions. No impairment was observed in tests on psychomotor skills and en-/decoding. Tests on reaction time appeared to be less sensitive to the morphine administration, whereas tests on visual functions and attention appeared to be the most sensitive to the morphine administration. Single-dose administration of morphine with dosages up to 5 mg appeared to cause very few effects on traffic-relevant performance tasks. At higher dosages, impairment was found on various tasks but with no clear dose–effect relationship. Plasma morphine concentrations less than 50 nmol/L are most probably accompanied by few effects on traffic-relevant performance tasks.

Conclusions: A plasma morphine concentration of 50 nmol/L (approximately 14.3 ng/mL) could represent an upper level, under which there is little accompanying road traffic risk. A single dose of 5 mg morphine IV and analgetic equivalence doses of fentanyl, hydromorphone, oxycodone, and oxymorphone are presented with the suggestion that few traffic-relevant effects will appear after such doses.     

Literature review on risky driving videos on YouTube: Unknown effects and areas for concern?

Objective: Entry of terms reflective of extreme risky driving behaviors into the YouTube website yields millions of videos. The majority of the top 20 highly subscribed automotive YouTube websites are focused on high-performance vehicles, high speed, and often risky driving. Moreover, young men are the heaviest users of online video sharing sites, overall streaming more videos, and watching them longer than any other group. The purpose of this article is to review the literature on YouTube videos and risky driving.

Methods: A systematic search was performed using the following specialized database sources—Scopus, PubMed, Web of Science, ERIC, and Google Scholar—for the years 2005–2015 for articles in the English language. Search words included “YouTube AND driving,” “YouTube AND speeding,” “YouTube AND racing.”

Results: No published research was found on the content of risky driving videos or on the effects of these videos on viewers. This literature review presents the current state of our published knowledge on the topic, which includes a review of the effects of mass media on risky driving cognitions; attitudes and behavior; similarities and differences between mass and social media; information on the YouTube platform; psychological theories that could support YouTube's potential effects on driving behavior; and 2 examples of risky driving behaviors (“sidewalk skiing” and “ghost riding the whip”) suggestive of varying levels of modeling behavior in subsequent YouTube videos.

Conclusions: Every month about 1 billion individuals are reported to view YouTube videos (ebizMBA Guide 2015 ebizMBA Guide. Top 15 most popular websites. 2015. Available at: http://www.ebizmba.com/articles/most-popular-websites [Google Scholar]) and young men are the heaviest users, overall streaming more YouTube videos and watching them longer than women and other age groups (Nielsen 2011 Nielsen. State of the media: the social media report. Q3. 2011. Available at: http://www.nielsen.com/us/en/insights/reports/2011/social-media-report-q3.html [Google Scholar]). This group is also the most dangerous group in traffic, engaging in more per capita violations and experiencing more per capita injuries and fatalities (e.g., Parker et al. 1995 Parker D, Reason J, Manstead ASR, Stradling SG. Driving errors, driving violations and accident involvement. Ergonomics. 1995;38:1036–1048.[Taylor &; Francis Online], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]; Reason et al. 1990 Reason J, Manstead A, Stradling S, Baxter J, Campbell K. Errors and violations on the roads: a real distinction? Ergonomics. 1990;33:1315–1332.[Taylor &; Francis Online], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]; Transport Canada 2015 Vingilis E, Yilderim-Yenier Z, Fischer P, et al. Self-concept as a risky driver: Mediating the relationship between racing video games and on-road driving violations in a community-based sample. Transp Res Part F Traffic Psychol Behav. 2016;43:15–23. [Google Scholar]; World Health Organization 2015 World Health Organization. Road traffic injuries. Fact sheet no. 358. 2015. Available at: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs358/en/# Accessed March 14, 2016. [Google Scholar]). YouTube also contains many channels depicting risky driving videos. The time has come for the traffic safety community to begin exploring these relationships.     

ILO职业安全卫生标准体系现状综述

为了解国际组织职业安全健康标准状况,收集了国际劳工组织职业安全卫生标准有关资料,对国际劳工组织职业安全卫生标准进行了梳理,按照标准属性、适用对象和范围,对标准进行了分类归纳,梳理形成了国际劳工组织职业安全卫生标准体系的整体框架,并对标准体系构成要素的主要内容作了简要的阐述,总结了国际劳工组织职业安全卫生标准及标准体系的特点。     

二十多年来中国近代灾荒史研究综述

自20世纪80年代以来,中国近代灾荒史被学者们逐渐熟悉并加以研究,二十多年来也取得了非常多的研究成果。本文将对中国近代灾荒史的研究现状作以陈述,对这些研究成果分别从整体性研究、区域性研究、扩展性研究三个方面作了学术回顾。     

冰雪中持久性有机污染物(POPs)的研究现状

冰雪是地球生态系统中重要的环境组分,它们不仅直接影响着全球的水循环,而且也直接影响着一些物质在不同纬度和海拔上的分布。随着气候的变化,在中低纬度使用和排放的POPs能够挥发到大气中,并伴随着大气的运动向高纬度高海拔地区迁移,这对生态环境造成了极大的威胁。本文主要介绍了持久性有机污染物的危害、历史排放数据,并详细阐述了国内外研究人员对冰雪中POPs的研究现状。     

同行评议初探

探索了同行评议的定义及历史来源,从科学社会学的角度对同行评议的功能和意义进行了阐述,进而简单综述了同行评议的主要应用领域及研究现状。通过对同行评议的体制性和非体制性不足的探讨,指出了今后同行评议研究应该展开的方向。     

深圳市环境影响评价审批的廉政风险防控对策研究

总结了我国在环评审批领域的研究现状,分析了受理、审查评估、批复等具体行政行为过程中存在的廉政风险,提出完善环境影响评价审批法律法规,规范审批程序,实现审批行为信息化、有痕化、打造“阳光审批”工程等审批廉政风险防控的对策。     

全球十大环境问题

当前或即将为成为全球性的环境问题可归纳为１０类,即臭氧层耗损,温室效应用及全球变暖,酸沉降危害物剧,生物系统简化,土壤退化,森林锐减,水资源危机,海洋环境污染,固体废料的污染和有毒化学污染等。本文对这些环境问题的基本概念,内容,成因,趋势和对人类生存发展的影响,进行了综合分析和论述。