Due to growing environmental concern and increasing awareness among customers, reverse supply chain (RSC) has received much attention among researchers and practitioners. Therefore it is necessary to provide a comprehensive list of references for other researchers (or readers), who are interested in RSC research to help stimulate further interest. In this paper, we present classification schemes and a simple analysis for the reverse supply chain. This literature review was mainly based on journal articles but also included web based documents, conference materials, working papers, etc. A total of 543 articles were reviewed, of which 506 were published between 1967 and 2008 from 100 reputed international journals. Based on the literature review carried out and the nature of research observed in RSC, we have introduced two classification schemes to systematically organise the published articles. The first classification scheme is based on the content related issues on RSC and the second one is based on the solution methodology followed by the researchers. These classification schemes indicate that there is considerable research potential for RSC. The results also show that there is strong growth in RSC research. 相似文献
溴阻燃剂(Brominated fire retardants,BFRs)的生产和使用对人类自身健康及其居住环境的影响问题,特别是“二恶英”(Dioxins)的问题,已引起全球范围广泛的重视。欧盟“限制电子电器产品中有害物质”的指令(RoHS)明确规定限制某些溴阻燃剂的使用。笔者就溴阻燃剂近十年来在空气、下水道淤泥和沉积物等非生命环境体系以及动物和人等生命体系的分布情况进行了综合分析,结果发现溴阻燃剂在非生命和生命环境体系中均有增加的趋势。对溴阻燃剂在生物体内的富集和放大作用研究发现,部分溴阻燃剂会在生物体内富集并表现出一定的放大作用。笔者对我国阻燃剂的发展方向提出了见解和建议。 相似文献
The achievement of No Net Loss (NNL) through habitat compensation has rarely been assessed in Canada. Files relating to 124
Fisheries Act Section 35(2) authorizations issued by Fisheries and Oceans Canada for the harmful alteration, disruption, and destruction
of fish habitat (HADD) were collected and reviewed. Data extracted from these files were pooled and analyzed to provide an
indication of the types of HADDs that have been authorized in Canada, what habitats have been affected, and what habitat management
approaches have been used when compensating for HADDs and monitoring and ensuring the success of the compensation. Determinations
regarding the effectiveness of habitat compensation in achieving NNL were made. Impacts to 419,562 m2 of fish habitat from the 124 authorized HADDs were offset by 1,020,388 m2 of compensatory habitat. Eighty percent of the authorizations had compensation ratios (compensation area:HADD area) of 2:1
or less, and 25% of the authorizations had a compensation ratio that was less than 1:1. In-channel and riparian habitat were
the most frequently impacted habitats. Urban development and roads and highways resulted in the greatest areal loss of habitat.
The compensation option that was most often selected was the creation of in-kind habitat. The mean duration of post-construction
monitoring programs was 3.7 years. Determinations of NNL could only be made for 17 authorizations as a result of poor proponent
compliance with monitoring requirements and the qualitative assessment procedures used by the monitoring programs. Adequate
resources, proper training, and standardized approaches to data management and monitoring programs are required to ensure
that the conservation goal of NNL can be achieved in Canada. 相似文献
Objective: The objective of this study was to identify, critically appraise, summarize, and synthesize evidence from cost-effectiveness analyses (CEAs) of interventions aimed at preventing road traffic injuries (RTIs) in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) by age group and road users targeted.
Methods: A search strategy was applied to 12 electronic databases for studies published between May 2002 and August 2015 that met prespecified inclusion criteria. Additional studies were identified by contacting authors and searching bibliographies. Included studies were critically appraised against published criteria and a narrative synthesis was conducted including a use of the strength of evidence criteria.
Results: Five studies were included in the final review that reported 9 interventions. Only 2 out of 9 interventions (drink-drive legislation with enforcement via breath testing campaign and combined interventions for reducing RTIs) showed moderate evidence of being cost-effective, whereas the evidence of cost-effectiveness of other interventions was weak. Only 2 interventions (bicycle and motorcycle helmet use legislation and enforcement) were explicitly targeted to children, young people and vulnerable road users such as pedestrians and cyclists. The cost-effectiveness of interventions to prevent RTIs in LMICs ranged from US$4.14 per disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) averted for building speed bumps at the most dangerous junctions that caused 10% of junction deaths in the area studied to US$3,403 per DALYs averted for legislation and enforcement of helmet use by motorcyclists in the World Health Organization (WHO) sub-Saharan Africa region.
Conclusions: Evidence of cost-effectiveness of interventions to prevent RTIs in LMICs is limited, particularly for children, young people, and vulnerable road users. Evaluation of the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of a larger number of possible road safety interventions in a variety of LMIC settings is warranted to generate the evidence base for effective traffic injury prevention programs. 相似文献