三丁基锡对中国近海常见海洋微藻的毒性效应

研究三丁基氯化锡（TBT）对中国近海常见5种硅藻和甲藻（硅藻中丹麦细柱藻（Leptocylindrus danicus）、派格棍形藻（Bacilaria paxillifera）、聚生角毛藻（Chaetoceros socialis）,甲藻中微型原甲藻（Prorocentrum minimum）、简裸甲藻（Gymnodinium simplex））的毒性效应,考察了有机锡对浮游藻光合活性（Fv/Fm）、粒径、生长的影响。结果表明：派格棍形藻、聚生角毛藻、简裸甲藻的光合活性（Fv/Fm）受TBT影响较显著;微型原甲藻、丹麦细柱藻的光合活性受TBT影响较小。高质量浓度TBT胁迫下海洋微藻峰值粒径显著减小,低质量浓度TBT对峰值粒径影响不显著。低质量浓度TBT对派格棍形藻、聚生角毛藻、简裸甲藻、微型原甲藻均有较强的毒性作用,非检测毒性浓度（NDEC）分别为1.17、1.07、0.23、3.73μg.L-1,丹麦细柱藻对TBT具有很强耐受性,NDEC为112.62μg.L-1。     

基于多种测试平台喷雾粒径特性实验研究

目的 研究平台环境差异对喷雾液滴粒径造成的影响。方法 分别在喷嘴测试台、直流吸气式风洞、闭口回流式结冰风洞等3种测试平台上开展喷雾液滴粒径测量,并将测量结果进行对比分析。结果 各平台喷雾dMVD随水气压变化的规律性都较好,dMVD随着水压的增大而增大,随着气压的增大而减小。对于dMVD≤30 μm的工况,3种测试平台的dMVD测量结果接近,但粒径分布存在差异。对于dMVD>30 μm的工况,直流吸气式风洞和闭口回流式结冰风洞喷雾的dMVD都比喷嘴测试台大,粒径分布向大颗粒方向偏移。结论 气流温度、速度、环境湿度、湍流度以及平台构型等环境因素均对喷雾液滴粒径产生影响,多因素耦合作用使得闭口回流式结冰风洞液滴的蒸发、碰撞合并、破碎等行为都更强烈,从而造成了其与喷嘴测试台、直流吸气式风洞喷雾的粒径特性存在差异。     

煤燃烧超细微粒粒径谱演变及排放因子的实验研究

对燃煤超细微粒的排放特性进行研究,利用自行搭建的气溶胶实验平台,使用快速粒径谱仪FMPS对燃煤超细颗粒(5.6~560 nm)数量粒径谱进行了测量,同时利用颗粒物动态演变模型,通过最优化算法,得到颗粒沉积损失率和排放率随粒径的分布,并计算了燃煤颗粒的排放因子.结果表明,在颗粒生成的初始阶段,燃煤颗粒数量粒径谱是多分散的复杂谱,初始粒径谱主要由10 nm、30~40 nm及100~200 nm这3个模态组成,其中,10 nm模态颗粒数浓度较高,100~200 nm模态颗粒粒径谱呈对数正态分布,数量中位径CMD均值为16 nm.随着时间的推移,总数量浓度呈指数规律衰减,CMD先增大后逐渐趋于稳定.排放因子的计算结果显示,在室温条件下,燃煤颗粒的排放因子达到(5.54×1012±2.18×1012)个·g-1.     

Measurement and relationship between critical tube diameter and critical energy for direct blast initiation of gaseous detonations

For the explosion safety assessment in industrial setting, detonation dynamic parameters provide important information on the sensitivity and conditions whereby detonations can be favorably occurred. In this study, new measurement of the critical tube diameter and the critical energy for direct initiation of a detonation is reported for a number of hydrocarbon–oxygen mixtures. The simultaneous experimental measurement carried out in this work allows the investigation of the direct scaling between these two dynamic parameter quantities of gaseous detonations. Using the new set of data, this paper also assesses the validity of an existing semi-empirical initiation model, namely, the surface energy model by Lee, and a simplified work done model. Both phenomenological models provide a general relationship between the two dynamic detonation parameters and comparison shows a good agreement between the theoretical results and the experimental measurement. The scaling of critical tube diameter with detonation cell size in this study also confirms the results in the previous literature.     

Propagation Characteristics of Gas Explosion in Linked Vessels Based on DDT Criteria

To study the occurrence conditions and propagation characteristics of deflagration to detonation transition (DDT) in linked vessels, two typical linked vessels were investigated in this study. The DDT of the methane–air mixture under different pipe lengths and inner diameters was studied. Results showed that the CJ detonation pressure of the methane–air mixture was 1.86 MPa, and the CJ detonation velocity was 1987.4 m/s. Compared with a single pipe, the induced distance of DDT is relatively short in the linked vessels. With the increase in pipeline length, DDT is more likely to occur. Under the same pipe diameter, the DDT induction distance in the vessel–pipe–vessel structure is shorter than that in the vessel–pipe structure. With the increase in pipeline diameter, the length of the pipe required to form the DDT is reduced. For linked vessels in which detonation formed, four stages, namely, slow combustion, deflagration, deflagration to detonation, and stable detonation, occurred in the vessels. Moreover, for a pipe diameter of 60 mm and a length of 8 m, overdriven detonation occurred in the vessel–pipe–vessel structure.     

HNIW/HTPB传爆药的制备及性能研究

以HNIW为高能填料,以HTPB为粘结剂,采用真空浇注法制备了HNIW/HTPB传爆药。为研究HNIW基浇注型传爆药的爆炸特性,通过实验制备了HNIW/HTPB传爆药,并对其撞击感度、临界直径和爆速等性能进行了分析研究。结果表明,HNIW/HTPB传爆药对撞击作用较钝感,当HTPB的含量为12%时,其特性落高h50为51.68cm,临界直径小于0.6mm,它的实测爆速为8248m/s,接近其理论爆速8320m/s,且HNIW/HTPB传爆药各组分之间具有良好的相容性,因此该传爆药具有良好的安全性能和传爆性能,适合于微尺寸装药,从而具有广阔的应用前景。     

导气管管径对准好氧生物反应器填埋场碳氮污染物转化的影响

通过建立3个不同导气管管径(Ф25 mm,Ф50 mm,Ф75 mm)的准好氧生物反应器填埋场,探究了导气管管径对其碳氮污染物转化的影响.研究表明,准好氧生物反应器填埋场渗滤液总氮、氨氮、CODCr、TOC的降解均符合线性-指数复合模型,且当导气管管径由25 mm增大至50mm时,可明显提高其降解速率,分别由0.00323、0.00474、0.01177、0.0059 d-1提高至0.01921、0.02267、0.01617、0.01253 d-1;由50 mm进一步增大至75 mm时,渗滤液碳氮污染物的降解速率也有小幅提高.导气管管径的增大有利于填埋体内碳氮污染物的去除,由Ф25 mm增大至Ф50mm时,碳氮污染物去除率明显提高,且只有很少部分转移至液相中,同时氮污染物和碳污染物的气化率分别提高了33.42%和10.74%;进一步增大至Ф75 mm时,碳氮污染物去除率也有一定程度提高.导气管管径越大,固相中碳氮物质剩余率越低,液化率越低,气化率越高.