新疆塔城黄土的形成

中亚黄土是研究区域古气候和古环境变化的重要载体。但是对于受到广泛研究的黄土 高原黄土来说,对中亚东部塔城黄土的报道较少。基于对塔城黄土粒度的系统分析,与伊犁盆 地黄土、典型黄土高原的黄土对比,我们发现无论是粒度频率曲线、粒度结构散点图、还是三 角图,塔城黄土与伊犁盆地清水河黄土较相似,而与黄土高原黄土不同,塔城黄土粒度频率分 布曲线为三峰分布,粒度组成比较分散,分选较差,细、中颗粒含量较少,主要以粗颗粒物质 为主,属近源风成黄土。结合当地地形和现代环流分析,我们认为中亚萨雷耶西克阿特劳沙漠 为塔城黄土提供主要的物源,盛行西风为粉尘的搬运提供足够的动力,向西开口的山间盆地地 形为粉尘的沉积提供有利的沉积中心,这三个条件的共同作用导致了塔城盆地厚层黄土的沉积。     

武汉地区2014年PM2.5时空分布与来源贡献的数值模拟研究

利用耦合了污染源在线追踪模块的化学传输模式NAQPMS （Nested Air Quality Prediction Model System）,结合地面细颗粒物（PM_2.5）的小时观测数据,模拟了2014年1、4、7、10月4个月份武汉地区PM_2.5浓度时空分布特征,量化了本地、武汉城市圈及远距离地区对武汉PM_2.5浓度贡献.研究发现,2014年武汉市PM_2.5年均浓度为85.3 μg·m^-3,污染天（PM_2.5日均值≥75 μg·m^-3）占全年总天数的47.9%.细颗粒物的月均值呈现出季节性特征,即冬季污染最为严峻,1月均值为199.1 μg·m^-3,PM_2.5浓度超标持续一整月;夏季空气质量最好,春秋介于两者之间.模拟的PM_2.5平均浓度在空间上大致呈现"城区高,郊区低"的分布态势.污染物区域来源解析发现,武汉市本地排放源贡献在1月最低,为34.1%,表明外来源贡献对长期灰霾的形成起决定性作用.7月本地源影响最显著（65.7%）,和毗邻城市源（23.1%）一起成为夏季污染物的主要来源.4月和10月本地排放贡献比分别为49.1%和42.1%.4个月份,武汉城市圈对该市PM_2.5浓度的贡献差异不大,范围在20.8%~24.1%.受大尺度天气系统的影响,远距离传输贡献率趋势与本地来源相反,占10.6%~35.3%.研究结果表明污染气团跨界输送对武汉不同季节PM_2.5浓度有重要贡献.在冬季大范围污染背景下,污染物区域大范围协同控制才能有效减缓武汉PM_2.5污染问题;而夏季对本地及近周边城市的减排措施可以有效改善武汉的空气质量.     

WSSD 2002, Latin America and Brazil: Biodiversity and Indigenous People

Latin America comprehends notable variations in terms of natural environment, availability of natural resources, living standards, and demographic patterns. Latin America is a mosaic of cultures, post- and pre-Columbian. The rich variety of life forms discovered and described by chroniclers and traveling naturalists in the Neotropics contributed to the proposal, in mid-XVIIIth century, of a new system of classification and a scientific code of nomenclature for all organisms. Biodiversity was, for many centuries, a source of resources to be exploited in natura. In scientific circles, its inventory became the domain of taxonomists. But modern technology showed how important the miriad of life forms really are as sources of chemical molecules to be engineered as drugs and reassembled as novel manufactured products. We are on the brink of a new agricultural and medical revolution, thanks to the techniques of genetic engineering, which will lead eventually to the elimination of hunger and malnutrition.In this essay, the Brazilian environmental and social heterogeneity will serve as an example to illustrate some key points, which have influenced sustainability policies. The Amazon deforestation and indigenous knowledge (IK), subjects often associated with areas of high biodiversity, are usually the focus of environmental debates. The importance of IK in integrating development, reducing poverty and sustainability are considered together with the intellectual property rights of native populations.In the World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD) Implementation Plan, a few paragraphs were dedicated to Latin America, because of the pre-existing Action Platform on the Road to Johannesburg 2002, approved in Rio de Janeiro in October 2001. This paper calls attention to the need to draw up specific environmental policies for a region which shows an extremely high cultural and biological diversity, associated with a high availability of forests and water, among other resources.     

Advancing the Integration of History and Ecology for Conservation

Abstract: The important role of humans in the development of current ecosystems was recognized decades ago; however, the integration of history and ecology in order to inform conservation has been difficult. We identified four issues that hinder historical ecological research and considered possible solutions. First, differences in concepts and methods between the fields of ecology and history are thought to be large. However, most differences stem from miscommunication between ecologists and historians and are less substantial than is usually assumed. Cooperation can be achieved by focusing on the features ecology and history have in common and through understanding and acceptance of differing points of view. Second, historical ecological research is often hampered by differences in spatial and temporal scales between ecology and history. We argue that historical ecological research can only be conducted at extents for which sources in both disciplines have comparable resolutions. Researchers must begin by clearly defining the relevant scales for the given purpose. Third, periods for which quantitative historical sources are not easily accessible (before AD 1800) have been neglected in historical ecological research. Because data from periods before 1800 are as relevant to the current state of ecosystems as more recent data, we suggest that historical ecologists actively seek out data from before 1800 and apply analytic methods commonly used in ecology to these data. Fourth, humans are not usually considered an intrinsic ecological factor in current ecological research. In our view, human societies should be acknowledged as integral parts of ecosystems and societal processes should be recognized as driving forces of ecosystem change.     

Connectivity of wood thrush breeding,wintering, and migration sites based on range‐wide tracking

Many migratory animals are experiencing rapid population declines, but migration data with the geographic scope and resolution to quantify the complex network of movements between breeding and nonbreeding regions are often lacking. Determining the most frequently used migration routes and nonbreeding regions for a species is critical for understanding population dynamics and making effective conservation decisions. We tracked the migration of individual Wood Thrushes (Hylocichla mustelina) (n = 102) from across their range with light‐level geolocators and, for the first time, quantified migration routes and wintering regions for distinct breeding populations. We identified regional and species‐level migratory connectivity networks for this declining songbird by combining our tracking results with range‐wide breeding abundance estimates and forest cover data. More than 50% of the species occupied the eastern wintering range (Honduras to Costa Rica), a region that includes only one‐third of all wintering habitat and that is undergoing intensive deforestation. We estimated that half of all Wood Thrushes in North America migrate south through Florida in fall, whereas in spring approximately 73% funnel northward through a narrow span along the central U.S. Gulf Coast (88–93°W). Identifying migratory networks is a critical step for conservation of songbirds and we demonstrated with Wood Thrushes how it can highlight conservation hotspots for regional populations and species as a whole. Conectividad de Sitios de Reproducción, Invierno y Migración del Zorzal con Base en Rastreo de Cobertura Amplia     

多因素对ANAMMOX菌利用零价铁还原硝酸盐过程影响

以厌氧氨氧化（ANAMMOX）菌利用零价铁还原硝酸盐体系为研究对象,采用单因素调控法结合中心复合法（CCD）系统研究铁形态、进水pH值、温度、Fe/N等对该体系中硝酸盐去除率的影响.结果表明,在相同的反应条件下,投加纳米铁时ANAMMOX体系中硝酸盐的去除效果最优;反应温度和Fe/N对体系中硝酸盐去除率影响十分显著,而进水pH值影响较弱.利用CCD法得出模型预测的最佳反应条件为：进水pH值为4.00,反应温度为35.00℃,Fe/N为38.23,预测的硝酸盐去除率为94.70%,实际实验得出的硝酸盐去除率为88.99%.     

新乡市声环境质量现状及其改善对策研究

以中原城市群强市-新乡市为例,介绍城市环境噪声的声源构成主要以工业噪声和社会生活噪声为主。随着城镇化规模的扩大,近年来的噪声监测值总体呈下降趋势,但道路交通噪声和社会生活噪声有增高趋势。结合声环境质量现状,提出了合理规划功能区布局、加强声环境管理、利用城市绿地降低噪声、提高单体建筑规划设计水平等改善对策措施。     

Rapid Assessment of Soil Erosion in the Rio Lempa Basin, Central America, Using the Universal Soil Loss Equation and Geographic Information Systems

Soil erosion is a severe problem for many developing regions that lack adequate infrastructure to combat the problem. The authors established a first-order method for prioritizing areas to be examined and remediated using preexisting data and expert knowledge where data are lacking. The Universal Soil Loss Equation was applied to the Rio Lempa Basin in Central America using geographic information systems and remote sensing technologies, and the estimated erosion rates were compared with sediment delivery ratios. Spatial analysis indicates that agriculture on very steep slopes contributes only a small fraction to the total estimated soil erosion, whereas agriculture on gentle and moderately steep slopes contributes a large fraction of the erosion. Although much of the basin is in El Salvador, the greatest estimated amount of erosion is from Honduras. Data quality and availability were impaired by a lack of coordination among agencies and across countries. Several avenues for improving the authors’ methods are described.     

山西中部地区地震灾害损失预测

简要分析了山西中部的历史地震灾害,用地震安全性评定的综合概率法计算了每个单元遭遇烈度的概率,并对建筑物类型进行分类,根据各类建筑物的易损性矩阵和不同类型单元的人涡震亡率、震伤率矩阵,计算出各个单元建筑物的期望经济损失和人员伤亡期望绝对值,并对计算结果进行了分析和比较。