胺化改性米糠对水中Cr（Ⅵ）的吸附

以环氧氯丙烷活化米糠,与乙二胺反应引入氨基制备了胺化米糠吸附剂。系统研究胺化米糠对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附特性。结果表明,胺化米糠对Cr(Ⅵ)有很强的吸附作用,3.5 h能达到吸附平衡,吸附动力学符合准一级吸附方程。吸附容量随Cr(Ⅵ)浓度增加而增大,胺化米糠与Cr(Ⅵ)离子发生单层吸附,对Cr(Ⅵ)最大吸附容量为36.1 mg/g。溶液的pH和吸附温度对吸附特性有较大影响,最佳吸附pH为3,同时,升温有利于吸附的进行。热力学参数ΔH为正值和ΔG为负值表明胺化米糠吸附Cr(Ⅵ)是吸热的自发吸附。     

Variation of As concentration between soil types and rice genotypes and the selection of cultivars for reducing As in the diet

Human exposure to toxic heavy metals via the food chain is of increasing concern. In the present study, the effects of soil type and genotype on variation in arsenic (As) concentrations of different organs were investigated by using nine rice cultivars grown in two soils, with two levels of As contamination. There were significant genotypic differences (P < 0.05) in As concentrations of all organs, and As concentrations of polished grain were significantly affected by genotype and soil type. The As concentration in polished grain was higher in red paddy soil under As treatment, with range from 0.24 to 1.03 mg kg⁻¹, and the As concentration of three cultivars exceeded the concentration of Chinese Food Hygiene Standard (0.7 mg kg⁻¹). The As concentrations in stems, leaves and polished grain were all significantly and positively correlated. The As concentrations in polished grain were positively and significantly (P < 0.01) correlated with As root-grain translocation factor. The results indicated that As concentration in grain was partially governed by As uptake and the transfer of As from root to grain. The grain As concentration of the nine cultivars was significantly correlated between the two soil types at different levels of As contamination. Some genotypes, such as japonica rice (e.g. Ning jing 1 and Nan jing 32) had consistently low grain As concentrations. The results suggest the possibility of breeding the As rice cultivars to produce grain for safe consumption from soils with slight and moderate levels of As.     

Rice bran: A prospective resource for biodiesel production in Bangladesh

The increasing demand of renewable energy sources has pressed the need to search for biofuels. The world is not only thrusting for potential sources of biofuels but also surveilling not to hamper the food supply, particularly in the Third World countries, such as Bangladesh. Rice bran oil is a prominent source of biofuels. Rice, the main cereal in Bangladesh, is cultivated all the year round. Rice hull containing bran is mostly wasted and merely used as feedstock for cattle and for cooking purposes. This study considered rice bran as a prospective source of biodiesel in Bangladesh. The properties of oil collected from rice bran were investigated to ensure the production of biodiesel by transesterification. An economic analysis relative to Bangladesh was conducted, and the production rate of biodiesel under different percentage of catalyst was investigated.     

我国秦岭-淮河过渡区稻米品质的气候分析

秦岭-淮河地区是我国由典型亚热带向暖温带转变的过渡区,气候类型多样。与此相应,稻米品质亦随时间、空间之不同出现了较大变化并显示出一定规律。对这些规律的揭示将有助于气候资源优势向稻米品质优势的转化。     

磷影响下砷的根际效应及其对水稻生长的影响

通过水稻的生物量及含砷量、根际 p H值、根际有效砷的变化来研究磷影响下砷的根际效应及其对水稻生长的影响。结果表明 ,酸性紫色土中 ,无论单加砷还是磷、砷共存的处理 ,基本上 ,根际砷均高于非根际 ,砷在根际呈富集状态 ;但与单加砷相比 ,磷、砷共存的处理 ,根际 p H值下降 ,有效砷减少 ,水稻吸收砷量减少 ,生物量增加 ,水稻受砷毒害减轻 ,特别 P/As≥ 4时 ,磷减轻砷毒害的程度大于 P/As≤ 2时。因此 ,施加磷可减轻砷污染酸性紫色土上水稻砷毒害。选择最佳 P/As可使磷最大限度地减轻作物受砷的毒害。     

应用大气扩散模式进行区域稻田甲烷源强估算

传统通量箱方法对区域稻田甲烷源强的估算具有很大不确定性 .本研究应用箱模式和 ATDL模式估算区域稻田甲烷排放率 .箱模式和 ATDL模式估算排放率分别为 :6月 13.2～ 30.4mg· (m²·h)^-1 和 6.1～ 8.5mg·(m²·h)^-1,9月 10.4～20.0 mg·(m²·h)^-1 和 5.5～9.3mg·(m²·h)^-1;而传统通量箱方法估算排放率为 :6月 0.3～ 14.3mg·(m²·h)^-1 ,9月 0～0.3mg·(m²·h)^-1.分析表明 ,北京地区水稻生长季的接地逆温等不利气象条件使箱模式应用的基本假设难以满足 ,使之得出偏高的估算结果 . ATDL模式能较好地适应这种不利气象条件 ,并在 6月得出了与通量观测结果相近的估算结果 ,而其 9月高于通量观测结果的估算 ,却可能证实了通量箱方法难以测得的干旱稻田土壤裂缝的甲烷排放 ,有待于进一步研究证实 .     

Cu污染土壤-水稻系统中Cu的分布特征

对太湖流域某地误用硫酸铜废水灌溉导致的污染土壤和作物体铜（Ｃｕ）含量分析表明：Ｃｕ 主要富集于表层土壤,受Ｃｕ 污染的表层土壤Ｃｕ 含量是该地区非污染区的１．６～５．１倍． 受Ｃｕ 污染的农田种植水稻其糙米、稻壳和稻草中Ｃｕ 含量分别是非污染区的１１．１～４．６、１８．３～３．７ 和９．３～２．３ 倍． Ｃｕ 在水稻植株体分配是：稻草＞ 稻壳＞ 糙米． 土壤Ｃｕ 含量与稻草和稻壳Ｃｕ含量之间符合指数函数关系,与糙米Ｃｕ 含量之间符合线性函数关系． Ｃｕ 污染导致水稻减产１８％ ～２５％ ;主要是由于水稻Ｃｕ中毒影响水稻根系生长发育,抑制水稻分蘖和减少有效穗数． 如果不采取治理措施,使受Ｃｕ 污染土壤Ｃｕ 含量下降到该地区非污染区水平至少需要１５～９２ａ． 因此,对污染土地采取治理是必要的．     

水溶性农药流失的影响因素及污染防治

根据实际室和田间试验结果，分析了水溶性农药稻田流失的影响因素，提出了对水稻生长前期的农药渗滤量、降雨径流量和排水流失量的估算。结果表明，仅渗滤与排水两项流失，占农药用量的１７．２８％～５９．３１％，调查表明，环境水体已受杀虫单的污染，最后提出了防治水溶性农药稻田流失的节水灌溉，控制排水等措施。     

造纸黑液固化物有机NPK复合肥对水稻的效应研究

研究了造纸黑液固化物有机ＮＰＫ复合肥对稻产量、品质及土壤的影响，结果与复混肥“施大壮１”和“施大壮２”相比，增加水稻产量，分别增产１．７％和５．７％，该肥使稻米品质提高，并有利于保持土壤肥力。     

多壁碳纳米管对水稻幼苗的植物毒性研究

考察了浓度为10、50和100 mg·L~(-1)的多壁碳纳米管(MWCNTs)的植物毒性,通过测量水稻生长指数、根系氧化应激反应、细胞膜损伤和生理功能的变化,探索了其具体的毒性机制。将水稻幼苗暴露于不同浓度的MWCNTs悬浮液中培养10 d后,高浓度处理组(100 mg·L~(-1))中水稻幼苗地上部分和根系鲜重分别降低至对照组的87.6%±1.1%和69.2%±7.8%。对根系深入研究发现氧化应激反应和细胞膜的损伤主要出现在高浓度处理组,此时过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性由对照组的(8.8±1.6)U·mg-1prot(protein,蛋白质)增加至(16.3±2.8)U·mg-1prot,丙二醛(MDA)含量由对照组的(8.0±0.3)μmol·g-1FW(fresh weight,鲜重)增加至(15.1±1.4)μmol·g-1FW。然而,水稻根系的生化酶活性在低浓度(10 mg·L~(-1))时就开始明显降低。通过透射电镜(TEM)观察发现,MWCNTs颗粒分布在水稻幼苗根系细胞内,从而证实了MWCNTs能被植物细胞吸收。