湖北稻区冬半年农业资源特点和冬季农业开发

本文论证了湖北稻区冬半年的农业资源及其特点,讨论了开发本区冬季农业的意义、发展方向及其关键措施。     

Metabolic fate of dichloromethyl‐0,0‐diphenyl phosphonate (I) and dichloromethyl‐0,0‐di‐(p‐nitrophenyl) phosphonate (II) in/on rice plants∗

Abstract

Metabolic fate of two dichloromethyl diaryl phosphonates (³²P labelled) in/on rice plants was investigated. The test compounds were found to be less persistent on the surface of rice leaves with half lives 7.4 and 6.7 days respectively. Main degradation product from both the phosphonates were dichloromethyl phosphonic acid with trace of dichloromethyl‐O‐aryl phosphonate as a transitory intermediate product.     

Effects of several amendments on rice growth and uptake of copper and cadmium from a contaminated soil

Heavy metals in variable charge soil are highly bioavailable and easy to transfer into plants. Since it is impossible to completely eliminate rice planting on contaminated soils, some remediation and mitigation techniques are necessary to reduce metal bioavailability and uptake by rice. This pot experiment investigated the e ects of seven amendments on the growth of rice and uptake of heavy metals from a paddy soil that was contaminated by copper and cadmium. The best results were from the application of limestone that increased grain yield by 12.5–16.5 fold, and decreased Cu and Cd concentrations in grain by 23.0%–50.4%. Application of calcium magnesium phosphate, calcium silicate, pig manure, and peat also increased the grain yield by 0.3–15.3 fold, and e ectively decreased the Cu and Cd concentrations in grain. Cd concentration in grain was slightly reduced in the treatments of Chinese milk vetch and zinc sulfate. Concentrations of Cu and Cd in grain and straw were dependent on the available Cu and Cd in the soils, and soil available Cu and Cd were significantly a ected by the soil pH.     

稻壳沸石的合成及其对氨氮的吸附/脱附动力学

以稻壳为原料采用水热合成法制备了沸石,运用XRD、SEM和BET技术表征了合成沸石的结构特性。通过静态实验,研究了合成沸石对氨氮的吸附和脱附机理。结果表明：延长水热合成的晶化时间有利于合成沸石晶核的形成,合成沸石比表面积为28.418 m2·g-1,平均孔径为31.1 nm,孔体积为0.22 m3·g-1,属NaP型微介孔吸附材料。伪二级吸附动力学模型更适合描述合成沸石对氨氮的吸附过程,由伪二级吸附动力学模型拟合得到的平衡吸附量与实测值相差在1.0%以内。颗粒内扩散速率是由膜扩散和内扩散共同控制,颗粒内扩散速率常数kp随初始浓度的增加而提高。MNaOH/ANMNaOH/AN的增大,温度对脱附的促进作用变得越来越小,当MNaOH/AN>1.21时,氨氮的脱附率可达92.1%。伪二级脱附动力学模型的拟合结果优于伪一级,碱当量高于临界值之后对提高合成沸石脱附氨氮的效果不大。     

碳酸钙和海泡石组配对水稻中Pb和Cd迁移转运的影响

为研究组配改良剂LS(碳酸钙+海泡石)对农田土壤重金属Pb和Cd的固化效果以及水稻各部位吸收累积Pb和Cd的影响,在湘南2个矿区(矿区A和矿区B)附近污染稻田中施用了不同添加量的LS (0、2、4和8 g/kg),并进行了水稻种植的田间实验。结果表明,(1)施用2~8 g/kg的LS能使矿区A和矿区B土壤pH值分别增加1.11~1.95和1.61~2.31个单位,能使矿区A和矿区B土壤中Pb和Cd的TCLP提取态含量分别降低18.6%~62.7%、15.7%~37.1%和38.6%~66.7%、0~76.6%。(2)LS能不同程度地降低水稻各部位重金属含量。矿区A糙米中Pb和Cd含量降低9.4%~35.6%、56.1%~66.8%;矿区B糙米中Pb含量降低14.4%~36.6%,而Cd含量变化不明显。(3)LS对水稻中Pb和Cd在各部位之间的转运系数均有不同程度的影响,其中Pb和Cd从茎叶到谷壳的转运系数最大,说明水稻茎叶对重金属的转运能力最强。(4)LS添加量为8 g/kg时,Pb和Cd从谷壳到糙米的转运系数最小,且糙米中Pb和Cd含量最低。     

叶面喷施2,3-二巯基丁二酸对水稻幼苗镉吸收转运及抗氧化系统的影响

稻米Cd超标问题已成为社会各界广泛关注的热点问题之一,探索降低Cd向地上部转运并缓解水稻Cd胁迫的新方法,对保障食品安全具有重要意义.本研究拟通过在水稻幼苗叶面喷施2,3-二巯基丁二酸(DMSA)评估利用该重金属螯合剂降低Cd向水稻地上部转运并缓解Cd胁迫的可行性.以我国南方水稻主栽品种之一中早35幼苗为研究材料,采用水培法研究了叶面喷施不同浓度DMSA对Cd在水稻幼苗体内吸收转运的影响,同时考察了对水稻幼苗丙二醛(MDA)、谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量以及对抗氧化酶过氧化氢酶(CAT)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性的影响.结果表明,叶面喷施DMSA 0.2、 0.4和1.0 mmol·L~(-1) 4次后,水稻幼苗地上部Cd含量随着DMSA喷施浓度增加呈显著降低趋势, 3种处理浓度与对照相比分别降低22.1%、 39.7%和43.5%,但是对水稻幼苗根部Cd含量无显著影响;对地上部及根中K、Ca、Mg、Fe、Zn和Mn这6种矿质元素含量无显著影响;喷施4次DMSA后显著降低了幼苗地上部MDA和GSH含量,同时使CAT和SOD活性显著增加,有效缓解了Cd对水稻幼苗造成的胁迫效应.DMSA能抑制Cd从水稻根部向地上部转运,同时不影响对人体必需矿质营养元素的吸收和转运,具备成为水稻降Cd叶面调理剂的潜力.     

稻田土菌群驯化对稻秆两步发酵产甲烷效果的影响

为提高稻秆的降解率及其厌氧发酵甲烷产量,采用高氨氮畜禽废水作为氮源以驯化稻田土壤微生物,优化其降解稻秆的初始pH值,并评估水解产物液体发酵产甲烷性能.结果表明,混合组驯化的微生物产纤维素酶活性及对稻秆木质素的降解率高于其它组及先前文献报道,分别达到4.01 IU和51.96%,且后期水解液中总有机碳（Total organic carbon, TOC）及还原糖含量最高.随着初始pH值的提高,稻秆中纤维素、半纤维素和木质素的降解率显著增加,稻秆水解液中的挥发性脂肪酸（Volatile fatty acids, VFAs）和TOC含量均显著增加,并在第7 d达到最高值.将水解稻秆7 d的水解液进行厌氧发酵显示,在初始pH=9.0条件下累积甲烷产量达到最大,为37.60 mL·mL^-1水解液.本实验结果表明, 驯化的稻田土微生物在碱性条件下可以更有效地降解稻秆,提高水解液中TOC及VFAs含量,从而提高厌氧发酵的甲烷产量.     

Process of rice straw degradation and dynamic trend of pH by the microbial community MC1

The process of the rice straw degradation in the fermentor with aeration at 290 ml/h was studied. The results of dissolved oxygen （DO） indicated that the optimum DO during cellulose degradation by microbial community MC1 ranged from 0.01 to 0.12 mg/L. The change model ofpH values was as follows： irrespective of the initial pH of the medium, pH values decreased rapidly to approximate 6.0 after being inoculated within 48 h when cellulose was strongly degraded, and then increased slowly to 8.0--9.0 until cellulose was degraded completely. During the degradation process, 15 kinds of organic compounds were checked out by GC-MS. Most of them were organic acids. Quantity analysis was carried out, and the maximum content compound was ethyl acetate which reached 13.56 g/L on the day 4. The cellulose degradation quantity and ratio analyses showed that less quantity （under batch fermentation conditions） and longer interval （under semi-fermentation conditions） of rice straw added to fermentation system were contributed to matching the change model of pH, and increasing the quantity and ratio of rice straw degradation during cellulose degrading process. The highest degradation ratio was observed under the condition office straw added one time every five days （under semi-fermentation conditions）.     

水田甲烷排放研究进展

本文对水田甲烷排放通量的研究进展及有关的土壤和环境因素作了综述。指出用于减少水田甲烷排放的措施不应导致水稻的减产和引起其它温室气体排放的增加。应开展落干期间水田作为大气甲烷汇的作用的研究。     

水稻田的甲烷释放特性及其生物学机理

本文报导采用土柱法和田间原位法研究渍水稻田甲烷释放特性的结果。不同生育期的测定表明,早稻以分蘖盛期时释放量最大,以后逐渐减少,晚稻从分蘖始期起逐渐增加,至分蘖盛期、末期时达到最大,随后在孕穗期急剧减少,至生长后期又有所回升。以原位法测定表明,晚间和上午释放的甲烷量较多,中午几乎无甲烷释放,下午又有少量释放。不同施肥区稻田甲烷释放量明显不同,以施猪粪有机肥区为最高,次为施尿素无机氮区,不施肥区最低。但各施肥区水稻不同生育期的甲烷释放趋势完全一致,以分蘖期释放量最大,稻田释放的甲烷主要是稻植株释放的,可占总释放量的85％以上。行株间土壤释放的量不多。田间水释放极少,就植株而言,甲烷释放部位主要是在与土壤密切结合的未扰动的根基和根系部位,水面下茎秆白色部分和水上绿色部分几乎无释放。根系也主要是靠近根基的上半部分,根尖部位甲烷形成活性明显小得多。且研究表明,产甲烷细菌附存于根表而不进入根内组织。根际土壤中产甲烷细菌、厌氧性纤维素分解细菌和甲烷氧化细菌的数量以及总挥发有机酸含量都明显高于和行间土壤。