典型污染稻田水分管理对水稻镉累积的影响

为探讨不同成土母质镉污染稻田土壤进行水分管理对水稻镉吸收累积的影响,以南方典型成土母质花岗岩、板页岩和紫色砂页岩发育的3种水稻土为对象,通过盆栽试验对比分析了淹水和干湿交替2种水分管理模式下,土壤pH值、DTPA提取态重金属、水稻根表铁膜以及不同部位重金属含量等的差异.结果表明,长期淹水处理使花岗岩、板页岩和紫色砂页岩发育水稻土pH升高了0.17~1.33个单位.在水稻灌浆和成熟期,淹水处理的3种水稻土DTPA提取态镉（DTPA-Cd）含量较干湿交替降低了14.39%~36.56%（P<0.05）.但淹水处理土壤DTPA提取态铁（DTPA-Fe）含量较干湿交替上升了35.35%~347.25%（P<0.05）.3个生育时期水稻根表铁膜镉、锰（除铁膜铁外）元素含量在2种水分处理下变化趋势均为分蘖期 < 灌浆期 < 成熟期.淹水处理使3种稻田土中糙米镉含量较干湿交替降低了57.84%~93.79%,且花岗岩、板页岩发育水稻土淹水处理降镉效果显著（P<0.05）.将3种水稻土土壤pH、DTPA-Cd、DTPA-Fe、根表铁膜以及糙米镉含量进行相关性及结构方程模型（SEM）分析,发现淹水降低稻米镉累积主要是通过提高土壤pH及增加土壤Fe的有效性,从而降低了土壤Cd的有效性,并且改变水稻根表铁膜对镉的吸附固定量.因此,水分管理模式调控稻米镉累积效应在不同土壤母质类型间存在明显差异,受土壤理化性质及根表铁膜等多重因素影响,且在不同母质发育水稻土上的作用机制并不完全一致.在镉污染的花岗岩、板页岩发育水稻土上进行水分管理可有效降低土壤镉的有效性,达到削减水稻对镉吸收累积的目标.综上,对于水分管理调控水稻镉吸收累积应根据成土母质类型区别进行.     

以稻秆为固体碳源处理分散养猪冲洗水的试验研究

针对分散养猪废水经厌氧和人工湿地处理后存在C/N低的问题,以廉价的稻秆作为固体碳源和生物膜载体,研究反应器启动阶段运行性能、水力负荷的影响以及污染物沿程去除特性.结果表明NO3--N主要在反应器上部稻秆填充层被去除,去除率超过95%,且无明显NO2--N积累,反硝化速率为0.052mg/(g·h).稻秆本身会浸出释放有机物和氮(主要为NH4+-N),导致运行前期出水COD和NH4+-N高于进水,但仍远低于《畜禽养殖业污染物排放标准》(GB18596-2001)的排放限值,40d后COD逐步降至40mg/L左右.COD和NO3--N可在反应器下部的砖渣填充层被进一步去除.     

Effects of nano-silicon and common silicon on lead uptake and translocation in two rice cultivars

The current study investigated the effects of nano-silicon (Si) and common Si on lead (Pb) toxicity, uptake, translocation, and accumulation in the rice cultivars Yangdao 6 and Yu 44 grown in soil containing two different Pb levels (500 mg·kg⁻¹ and 1000 mg·kg⁻¹). The results showed that Si application alleviated the toxic effects of Pb on rice growth. Under soil Pb treatments of 500 and 1000 mg·kg⁻¹, the biomasses of plants supplied with common Si and nano-Si were 1.8%–5.2% and 3.3%–11.8% higher, respectively, than those of plants with no Si supply (control). Compared to the control, Pb concentrations in rice shoots supplied with common Si and nano-Si were reduced by 14.3%–31.4% and 27.6%–54.0%, respectively. Pb concentrations in rice grains treated with common Si and nano-Si decreased by 21.3%–40.9% and 38.6%–64.8%, respectively. Pb translocation factors (TFs) from roots to shoots decreased by 15.0%–29.3% and 25.6%–50.8%, respectively. The TFs from shoots to grains reduced by 8.3%–13.7% and 15.3%–21.1%, respectively, after Si application. The magnitudes of the effects observed on plants decreased in the following order: nano-Si treatment>common Si treatment and high-grain-Pb-accumulating cultivar (Yangdao 6)>low-grain-Pb-accumulating cultivar (Yu 44) and heavy Pb stress (1000 mg·kg⁻¹)>moderate Pb stress (500 mg·kg⁻¹)>no Pb treatment. The results of the study indicate that nano-Si is more efficient than common Si in ameliorating the toxic effects of Pb on rice growth, preventing Pb transfer from rice roots to aboveground parts, and blocking Pb accumulation in rice grains, especially in high-Pb-accumulating rice cultivars and in heavily Pb-polluted soils.     

Cd胁迫下杂交水稻对Cd的吸收及其动态变化

镉（Cd）是非必需的有毒元素,是农业环境和农产品的重要污染物,易被水稻吸收并在籽粒中积累。不同水稻品种拥有不同的独特基因,导致水稻籽粒吸收积累Cd的能力存在一定的差异。因此,开展不同水稻品种耐Cd特性及其不同生育期的吸收转运效率研究具有重要意义。本文采用水培试验,研究了两个水稻（Oryza sativa L.）品种：D83A/R527（低吸收累积Cd）和辐优838（高吸收累积Cd）在不同质量浓度Cd胁迫下籽粒Cd质量分数及不同生育时期水稻根、茎、叶内Cd的吸收积累量及其动态变化特点。结果表明,两种水稻品种在Cd胁迫下籽粒Cd积累量差异显著,辐优838在1.0 mg·L^-1 Cd质量浓度胁迫下籽粒Cd质量分数就已超过国家食品卫生标准;在1.0~3.0 mg·L^-1 Cd质量浓度胁迫下,D83A/R527籽粒内Cd质量分数仅为辐优838的50~60%。随着Cd处理浓度增加和生育时期推进,两种水稻各部位Cd吸收量均表现为逐渐增加,其增加幅度总体表现为：辐优838〉D83A/R527;不同部位中,根的积累效应最强,叶片吸收积累能力最低,辐优838茎、叶吸收积累效率分别是D83A/R527的1.5~2.0倍左右。在1.0~3.0mg·L^-1 Cd胁迫下,水稻Cd积累差异较为显著的时期为灌浆期,辐优838的根系向茎、叶的转移效率大于D83A/R527,且D83A/R527主要表现为由根系向茎Cd转移效率较高,叶片Cd积累相对较少。灌浆期是水稻籽粒干物质积累的重要时期,也是吸收累积Cd的重要时期,这为筛选低吸收积累水稻品种和调控Cd在水稻籽粒中的吸收累积奠定了重要理论基础。     

钒胁迫对水稻幼苗生理生化和富集特性的影响

水稻（Oryza.sativa L.）是我国最重要的粮食作物之一,水稻产量占粮食总产量的一半以上,一旦水稻受到重金属污染,将会影响水稻植株的正常生长和生理特性。目前关于钒胁迫对水稻植株生理特性指标的影响方面报道较少。通过水培实验,研究了不同钒（V）质量浓度（0、4、8、12、16、20 mg·L-1）对水稻幼苗（Oryza.sativa L）生理生化和富集特性的影响。结果表明：随着V胁迫浓度的增加,叶绿素含量、可溶性蛋白含量、过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性、过氧化物酶（POD）活性、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）等均呈现先上升、后下降的变化趋势。当ρ（V）≤12 mg·L-1,与对照相比较,叶绿素含量、可溶性蛋白含量和酶活性增大了135.3%、104.2%、77.8%（CAT）、84.5%（POD）和273.2%（SOD）;当ρ（V）〉12 mg·L-1,则分别降低37.2%、39.4%、41.1%、24.1%和24.5%。随着 V 胁迫浓度的增加,丙二醛（MDA）含量和细胞膜透性逐渐增大,与对照相比,分别增加了38.5%~289.3%、21.2%~303.2%,根系活力下降了10.9%~82.2%。可见,低ρ（V）（≤12 mg·L-1）对水稻幼苗的生长有一定的刺激作用,水稻幼苗自身保护酶表现出较强的自我调节能力;高ρ（V）（〉12 mg·L-1）明显抑制叶绿素和蛋白合成、抗氧化酶活性和根系活力,伤害了细胞质膜系统,影响水稻幼苗的生长发育。不同V浓度胁迫下,水稻幼苗累积的V含量为：根〉茎叶。随着V胁迫浓度增加,水稻幼苗各器官V含量增大,其中根部增幅远大于茎叶,当ρ（V）从5 mg·L-1增加到40 mg·L-1,与对照相比较,根部增加了0.98~25.3倍,茎叶部增加了0.26~4.74倍。生物富集系数（BF）先增加后降低,最大值为2.8408;迁移系数（TF）下降,最低值为0.1170,说明水稻对V有较强的富集能力,但迁移能力较低,积累的V主要富集在根部,可减轻V对地上部植物的危害。     

江苏省稻麦秸秆收集利用现状分析及对策

以江苏省稻麦秸秆收集为例,采用问卷调查与实地调研相结合的方法,调查了稻麦秸秆收集利用现状;结合当地稻麦收获期间的气象资料,分析了稻麦秸秆收集面临的困难。结果显示:(1)目前稻麦秸秆的主要利用方式是直接还田,供调研2个乡(镇)秸秆还田农户分别占调研户数的22.01%和28.75%;2个乡(镇)均有部分稻麦秸秆没有得到有效处理,乡(镇)B 50%以上的农户稻麦秸秆未被利用,被遗弃和焚烧的比例高达55%以上;(2)稻麦收获季节旬降水量为7.21~87.28 mm,旬降水时间为1.53~5.00 d,降水天气不仅影响稻麦的适时收获,更严重影响着秸秆的收集打捆、运输与贮存;(3)稻麦收获时间相对集中,大量秸秆短时间内产生,收种时间几乎完全重叠,可供秸秆收集的时间极短;(4)秸秆收集效益低,农户收集运输的收益约为60~90元·d-1,低于外出务工收入,难以吸引社会资本投入到秸秆收贮产业;(5)秸秆收集打捆装备缺乏,现有收集装备及技术亟需改进和完善,秸秆收集机械化水平低,直接影响到收集效率。因此,可收集时间短、受天气影响大、收集效益低、收集机械化水平低是当前阻碍稻麦秸秆收集的主要问题,应提升秸秆收集效益驱动力,加快稻麦收割打捆机研发,建立秸秆收集长效运行机制,以解决秸秆收集难题。     

氮肥水平对不同土壤CH4排放的影响

鉴于氮肥施用对农田CH₄排放的影响还有很大不确定性,室外盆栽试验于2002年在南京农业大学实施.选取3个供试土壤,各土壤设置对照和低、中、高3个不同氮肥水平,施入尿素量分别为0 g/盆钵(对照) ,0.64g/盆钵,(低氮水平) ,1.28g/盆钵(中氮水平) ,1.93g/盆钵(高氮水平) .结果表明在水稻生长季,不同氮肥(尿素)施用量对稻田土壤CH₄排放影响表现为不同土壤之间,及不同氮肥水平之间CH₄排放均存在显著差异.无氮肥施入的情况下,3种土壤的CH₄季节性累积排放量存在显著差异,分别为6.7g/m²,12.6g/m² 和8.3g/m².施加氮肥后,3种土壤的CH4排放量随氮肥施入量的增加,均表现为降低趋势,不同土壤CH₄排放量存在差异,土壤背景氮含量最高的F(江苏溧水)土壤的CH4排放都比相应氮肥水平下的G(江苏涟水)和H(江苏农科院)土壤的CH₄排放低1倍左右.更进一步发现从低氮到中氮水平,3种土壤CH₄排放量随氮肥用量的增加降低幅度最大,而此时各土壤的NH₄-N含量随氮肥用量增加明显提高,推断造成CH₄排放降低的主要可能原因是各土壤的氨态氮含量的增加所致.从中氮到高氮水平3种土壤的CH₄排放量的变化不尽相同,G和H土壤的CH₄排放量随氮肥用量的增加而降低,而F土壤在中氮和高氮水平下的CH4排放量没有明显变化,值分别为30g/m².     

Smoke alleviates adverse effects induced by stress on rice

Smoke and salinity are environmental hazards. Smoke produced DNA damage, inflammatory, and oxidative stress in humans while salinity reduced plant yield. However, smoke from plants is beneficial towards plant growth. In this study, smoke of two plants, Buhania varegata (1:1000 and 1:5000 dilutions (v/v)) and Cymbopogon jwarancusa (1:500 and 1:1000), were used to determine effects on different physiological and biochemical parameters in rice Basmati-385 (B-385) and Shaheen Basmati under different saline concentrations (control: 50, 100, and 150 mM). With increasing salinity, germination%, seedling growth, K⁺, Ca⁺, cell membrane stability, and total nitrogen and protein contents were decreased while Na⁺ content increased. However, seeds primed with different dilution of smoke significantly diminished the adverse effects of salinity and shown to produce positive responses in all of the above parameters. The most effective dilutions were 1:5000 for Buhania varegata and C-500 for Cymbopogon jwarancusa. It seems that priming with plant smoke solution is a potent stimulant for plant growth exerting a significant role in physiology and biochemistry of rice plants under saline condition.     

Preliminary toxicity evaluation of water from rice fields using cost‐effective microbiotests

A study was performed in a Protected Area (Natural Reserve of Sado Estuary) in 1996, to evaluate the acute toxicity for aquatic life of surface water from rice fields treated with pesticides, particularly with molinate and quinclorac. As a preliminary assessment, the following rapid toxicity tests were used: “Rotoxkit F”;, “Thamnotoxkit F”; and the recently introduced “Daphtoxkit F magna”; and “Algaltoxkit F”;. Water samples were collected from: a water source for irrigating the rice fields, two rice plots, a drainage channel and from Sado river in which the water is discharged. The results showed that samples from the rice plot treated with molinate were more toxic than those obtained from rice plot treated with quinclorac. Water samples from the river were the most toxic, causing 100% of immobility in all organisms and a substantial inhibition in the algal growth. Water collected from the drainage channel in late July, was also found to be quite toxic. The results obtained until now indicate that some characteristics of these microbiotests, like their rapidity, simplicity and relatively low cost, make them a practical tool to evaluate acute effects of pesticides in freshwater ecosystems. They may also contribute to suggest some changes in pesticides use to promote agricultural practices with lower impact to aquatic life.     

炭化秸秆吸磷剂的制备及吸附性能研究

以水稻秸秆为原料,经炭化、KMnO4预氧化和FeSO4溶液改性后,制备得到低成本的改性炭化水稻秸秆（modified carbonized rice straw,MCRS）.采用Zeta电位分析仪、扫描电镜、能谱仪、比表面积分析仪、红外光谱分析仪和X射线衍射分析仪多种手段,分析了炭化水稻秸秆和MCRS的理化性能.通过静态吸附试验研究了吸附剂投加量、pH值和温度对MCRS除磷效果的影响.结果表明：MCRS对磷的吸附是一个吸热过程,其吸附等温线可用Langmuir方程进行拟合.当投加量为4g·L^-1、pH值为7时,MCRS对水溶液中磷的去除率最高可达96％;依据Langmuir方程计算得到,30℃条件下,MCRS对磷的最大吸附量为5.49 mg·g^-1.