水稻磷盈亏对镉吸收转运的影响

磷（P）是作物生长的必需营养元素,Cd污染耕地中P盈亏对水稻Cd吸收转运的影响和效应还不清晰.通过水培试验施加不同水平的P（NaH₂PO₄）,研究Cd胁迫下,缺P(1.5～6.0 mg·L^-1,以P元素计,同下)和富P(12.0～48.0 mg·L^-1)对水稻Cd吸收、转运和累积的影响.结果表明：（1） Cd胁迫下,ρ（P）的增加(1.5～48.0 mg·L^-1),水稻生物量无明显变化,叶片光合色素（叶绿素a、叶绿素b和类胡萝卜素）的含量先上升后下降,高浓度的P抑制光合色素的合成;（2）在缺P和富P条件下,随着P浓度的提高,水稻各部位Cd的含量增加,尤其是糙米中Cd含量分别显著增加132.1%和191.2%;（3）糙米的P/Cd比值在缺P和富P下呈现分段减少规律,同时糙米中Cd含量与P/Cd呈显著（P<0.01）负相关. Cd胁迫下,水稻缺P和富P时提高P浓度均会促进水稻根系对Cd的吸收与转运,提高Cd在地上部位的累积,增加稻米Cd超标的风险.     

氯化钙活化稻草秸秆生物质炭的制备工艺及其吸磷性能研究

在大多数生态系统中,磷(P)元素是植物生长的限制性元素,也是造成水体富营养化的主要原因.而水体中P的去除方法中尤以吸附法的研究和应用最为广泛.本文以稻草秸秆为原料,Ca Cl2(质量分数10%)为活化剂制备活性生物质炭,作为控制农业面源污染的吸P材料.通过控制稻草秸秆炭制备的炭化温度、浸渍比等工艺条件及溶液初始P浓度、吸附时间、秸秆炭用量、干扰离子、pH等试验条件,研究改性稻草秸秆炭吸P性能及其吸附机理.试验结果表明:在考虑经济性的前提下,稻草秸秆炭吸P性能最优的制备工艺条件为:炭化温度为700℃,浸渍比(m稻草∶m氯化钙)为1∶0.5;改性稻草秸秆炭处理含10 mg·L-1PO3-4-P(以P计)水样,P去除率可达到97%,溶液pH从6.87升至9.52;对稻草秸秆炭对P的吸附情况采用Langmuir和Freundlich吸附模型进行拟合,R2可分别达到0.947和0.892,说明其主要为单分子层化学吸附;此外,根据溶液的pH和P浓度的变化情况,推测P的吸附主要由离子交换实现,即PO3-4-P(主要为H2PO-4)取代结合在Ca离子上的氢氧根而被吸附,秸秆炭上的氢氧根释放,水样pH值上升.     

Land-use induced changes in topsoil organic carbon stock of paddy fields using MODIS and TM/ETM analysis: A case study ofWujiang County, China

Topsoil soil organic carbon (SOC) that plays an important role in mitigating atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO_2) buildup is greatly affected by human activities.To evaluate the influence of land-use changes on SOC stocks in paddy soils,a new algorithm was developed by integrating MODIS (moderate resolution imaging spectral-radiometer) and TM/ETM data for timely monitoring the land-use change in Wujiang County.Thereafter,the land-use class-maps derived from MODIS and TM/ETM analyses were further used to est...     

Stimulatory e ects of biosurfactant produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa BSZ-07 on rice straw decomposing

Biosurfactant,produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa BSZ-07,was added to the dee straw decomposing process to enhance the production of reducing sugars.Observed by Fourier Transform InfraRed(FT-IR)and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance(NMR)analysis, the purified biosurfactant was considered as a mixture of RL1 and RL2,which are two different types of rhamnolipids.Two different adding methods,adding the purified rhamnolipid and the on-site production of it were compared.The results showed that 0.5 g/L was the optimum...     

大气CO2摩尔分数升高对高、低应答水稻稻田N2O排放的影响

依托稻田大气CO₂摩尔分数（x［CO₂］）升高平台FACE （free-air CO₂ enrichment）,采用静态透明箱-气相色谱法研究x［CO₂］升高（正常x［CO₂］+200 μmol·mol^-1）对高、低应答水稻（产量对x［CO₂］升高的响应分别为>30%和10%~15%）稻田N₂O排放的影响.本试验设置4个处理：A-W （正常x［CO₂］+低应答水稻）、F-W （x［CO₂］升高+低应答水稻）、A-S （正常x［CO₂］+高应答水稻）和F-S （x［CO₂］升高+高应答水稻）.结果表明,对比正常x［CO₂］处理（A-S和A-W）,x［CO₂］升高条件下高、低应答水稻（F-S和F-W）稻田N₂O排放分别降低52.54%（P<0.05）和38.40%（P<0.05）,水稻产量分别增加22.96%（P<0.05）和12.11%（P>0.05）,稻田N₂O排放强度分别降低61.68%（P<0.05）和45.13%（P<0.05）.另外,高、低应答水稻稻田N₂O排放与稻田土壤NH₄⁺-N含量呈显著相关关系,而与NO₂^--N含量无显著相关.x［CO₂］升高条件下,土壤温度是影响高应答水稻稻田N₂O排放的重要因素.综合考虑,未来x［CO₂］升高条件下,高应答水稻品种的"增产减排"效果最佳.     

稻草秸秆发酵液的抑藻效应及其机理

为有效利用农业废弃物稻草秸秆进行抑藻,本研究对不同稻草秸秆进行了特定方式的发酵,测定了发酵液对常见淡水藻类的化感效应,探讨了其中抑藻作用强的发酵液抑藻机理.结果表明：与普通稻草秸秆发酵液相比,水稻分蘖枝发酵液对铜绿微囊藻的抑制效果显著好于普通稻草秸秆发酵液（P<0.05）,作用72h水稻分蘖枝发酵液抑制率为93.21%,168h为97.96%,而稻草秸秆发酵液120h抑制率为68.20%,168h抑制率反而显著下降,只有27.65%;前者Eh₅₀为14.073h,后者为21.036h;水稻分蘖枝发酵液对蓝藻（铜绿微囊藻）和绿藻（蛋白核小球藻、斜生栅藻）3种淡水藻均有良好抑制作用,对铜绿微囊藻抑制作用最佳（P<0.05）.在水稻分蘖枝发酵液胁迫下,铜绿微囊藻叶绿素a以及藻蓝蛋白（PC）和别藻蓝蛋白（APC）含量下降,藻细胞叶绿素自发荧光值持续降低,藻细胞结构破坏.推测水稻分蘖枝发酵液的抑藻机制之一是将藻细胞光合系统作为其攻击的靶点从而抑制藻类生长,并最终破坏细胞结构,引起细胞凋亡.     

杂交水稻对Cd的吸收与籽粒积累:土壤和品种的交互影响

土壤-作物-食物是人类摄取Cd的主要途径,而水稻是籽粒Cd积累最强的粮食作物.选择2种杂交水稻(普通杂交稻“汕优63”和超级稻“Ⅱ优明86”)与乌栅土和红沙泥田2种水稻土为材料,采用添加Cd(2.5 mg/kg)和不添加Cd处理进行盆栽试验,研究了水稻在成熟期对土壤中Cd的吸收及籽粒积累特点.结果表明,杂交水稻对Cd的吸收及籽粒积累依土壤、品种及两者的交互作用而变化.杂交稻对土壤中原有Cd的吸收与积累,基因型影响高于土壤类型的影响,但对外源Cd的吸收与籽粒积累,土壤类型的影响强于品种基因型,而土壤与品种间的正交互作用(Cd吸收强的超级稻种植于土壤Cd化学有效性高的红沙泥田)可使水稻籽粒Cd积累成倍提高.说明在未污染条件下,杂交稻对Cd的吸收与籽粒积累主要受品种的吸收能力控制,而在污染条件下,土壤化学性质对Cd有效性的影响成为土壤-水稻系统Cd迁移的主要控制因素.本实验显示,在酸性土壤或污染条件下,超级稻对Cd的吸收与籽粒积累十分强烈,就地消费人群的籽粒Cd暴露风险水平达到数倍于临界摄入剂量水平.加Cd处理下,汕优63中Cd滞留于根部,而Ⅱ优明86有较强的将Cd向上运输的能力,Ⅱ优明86籽粒Cd积累的不利效应远远超过其产量的增加效应.因此,在高产水稻育种中必须考虑水稻对Cd吸收的基因型差异与籽粒Cd的暴露风险,推广高产杂交水稻根据其Cd的吸收特性考虑土壤-品种的合理布局.     

Accumulation, distribution and transformation of DDT and PCBs by Phragmites australis and Oryza sativa L.: I. Whole plant study

Glasshouse experiments were conducted to determine the accumulation, distribution and transformation of o,p′-DDT, p,p′-DDT and PCBs by common reed (Phragmites australis) and rice (Oryza sativa L.) under hydroponic conditions. The culture solution was spiked with the organic pollutants and samples were collected daily. Analysis of the plants at harvest showed that both species had removed DDT and PCBs from the solution. DDT appeared to have accumulated within P. australis by both passive adsorption and active absorption. Both o,p′-DDT and p,p′-DDT were transformed within P. australis. DDD was the major metabolite and the transformation was mediated by reductive dehalogenation. Plant long-distance transportation systems may be involved in the translocation of PCBs within P. australis and the affinity of the PCBs for lipids is one of the major factors affecting their uptake and translocation within the plants. Similar but less pronounced results were found in O. sativa and suggest that these wetland plants may be used for the plant-mediated remediation of persistent organic pollutants.     

贵州龙里煤矿开采的独木河流域稻田重金属地球化学基线厘定

为了厘定贵州省煤矿开采流域稻田土壤地球化学基线.以龙里县独木河煤矿开采流域稻田为对象,采集稻田土壤和水稻各47个,测定了土壤中的As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Pb、Ni、V、Li和Ti共9种重金属含量,测定了稻米中的As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Pb和Ni共6种重金属含量.分别采用标准化方法和相对累积频率曲线法厘定As、Cd、Cr...