生态修复综合技术在杭州虾龙圩河的应用

杭州虾龙圩河由于多年污染,河道水质严重黑臭,自净能力遭到破坏。本研究通过综合利用底泥污染物削减、生物接触氧化水质净化、造流曝气及水生生态系统修复等技术对虾龙圩河进行治理。结果显示,此项综合技术对城市河流污水具有良好的污染物去除性能,COD、NH3-N和TP的去除率分别可达到73．3％、80．1％和81．7％。通过1年的运行与养护,虾龙圩河治理段的水质、生态环境等有了明显改善,没有发生过水华及黑臭现象,河道水体具备了较强的自净能力。     

贡湖湾退渔还湖区的基底稳定性的时空特征

2012年11月至2014年5月期间季度性对无锡贡湖湾退渔还湖生态修复工程进行跟踪调查与检测,就贡湖湾湿地土壤环境退渔还湖修复工程前后的理化性质进行了分析比较,用以评估修复工程实施后退渔还湖区基底的改善效果.结果表明:退渔还湖区内基底化学性质,有机质、总氮、总磷比退渔还湖初期分别提高241.59％、98.61％和162.86％.其中,有效氮和有效磷的均值为102.31 mg/kg和15.10 mg/kg,满足土壤养分分级标准Ⅲ级标准.有关基底稳定性物理性质与退渔还湖初期相比,土壤容重减少17.84％,pH值稳定在5.8 ～6.5之间,土壤缓冲能力明显提高,修复区南部(人为种植植物)的土壤团聚体稳定性恢复状况最好,西部(自然恢复)次之,北部(基底状况差,无植物种植)恢复状况低于前述两区.总之,贡湖退渔还湖修复区在经过17个月后,其基底的整体质量趋于良好,土壤各项养分及团聚体稳定性指标逐步达到合理水平,土壤环境已具有良好的生态功能.     

基于RS和GIS的汶川地震极重灾区生态恢复监测——以都江堰市为例

"5.12"汶川地震造成灾区尤其极重灾区严重的生态破坏。论文以都江堰市为例,利用遥感(RS)和地理信息系统(GIS)等手段对震害区土地利用/植被覆盖变化进行监测,对动态变化进行定量分析,得到都江堰市地震生态受损及灾后两年生态恢复信息,并结合DEM对变化信息进行空间分析,研究灾害发生、生态恢复与坡度的相关关系,从而为灾区生态环境的恢复重建和保障生态安全提供借鉴和依据。     

Traditional Farming Landscapes for Sustainable Living in Scandinavia and Japan: Global Revival Through the Satoyama Initiative

Traditional, pre-industrial farming was adapted to the natural environment—topography, geology, hydrology, climate, and biota. Traditional land use systems are still to be traced in Scandinavia as an “infield/outland landscape”, and in Japan as a “Satoyama landscape.” There are obvious similarities and differences in land use—the main difference being that pasturing of cattle and sheep has been less important in Japan. These land use systems can be traced back to early sedentary settlements 1500–2500 years ago. In both regions, traditional management almost ceased in the mid-twentieth century leading to afforestation and decreased biological diversity. Today, there is in Japan a growing movement for landscape restoration and promotion of a sustainable living countryside based on local agrarian and forestry production, local energy, tourism, etc. With this background, the so-called Satoyama Initiative has been organized and introduced as a global socio-ecological project with ecosystem services for human well-being.     

三峡水库干流消落带沉积泥沙粒径特征及其物源意义

为揭示三峡水库干流消落带的泥沙沉积规律、分析沉积泥沙来源,本研究采用原位观测方法采集沉积泥沙样品,利用激光粒度仪测试泥沙粒径,分析沉积泥沙粒径在水平、垂直和高程3个维度上的变化特征,并与三峡水库入库泥沙的粒径特征相结合,阐述消落带沉积泥沙来源。结果表明:(1)三峡水库干流消落带沉积泥沙粒径在水平方向上存在比较强烈的空间变化,中值粒径沿河流流向方向呈逐渐下降趋势,并在忠县及其下游河段基本保持稳定;(2)泥沙粒径随高程的变化存在较大的空间差异,河流挟沙是消落带下部粗颗粒泥沙的主要来源,而消落带上方的土壤侵蚀强度越高,消落带顶部的沉积颗粒就越容易变粗;(3)在水库尾端,泥沙剖面存在较明显的旋迴分层现象,其中值粒径数值较大、变化幅度较宽,越往下游推进,中值粒径的数值越低、变化幅度越小,泥沙旋迴分层现象逐渐消失;(4)水库尾端的沉积泥沙以库区外来沙为主,越往下游推进,库区内产沙对粗颗粒泥沙的贡献逐渐升高,但库区内外来沙都能够为沉积泥沙提供丰富的细颗粒物源,因此,细沙的来源具有一定的复杂性和多样化特征。     

乌东德水库坝前段消落带生态类型划分及生态修复模式初探

采用GIS技术,根据高程、坡度、土壤类型等环境特征,将乌东德水库坝前段消落带分为18种生态类型,并完成了高程图、坡度图和土壤类型图,建立了环境特征和消落带类型的直观联系。然后根据不同的生态类型,提出了4种生态修复模式,并选择了10种植物作为生态修复物种。为其它水库消落带生态修复提供了参考依据。     

Distribution of the herbicide atrazine in a microcosm with riparian forest plants

Pesticides applied on sugarcane reach the subsoil of riparian forests and probably contaminate the river water. This work was conducted to learn about the phytoremediation of atrazine and subsoil contamination using the common riparian forest species of Cecropia hololeuca Miq. and Trema micranta (L.) Blum. These plants were grown in soil microcosms where ¹⁴C-atrazine at 1/10 of the field-recommended dose was applied at the bottom of the microcosm simulating the movement from contaminated ground water to the upper soil layers and into plants. Residues of ¹⁴C-atrazine were detected in all parts of the microcosm including soil, rhizosphere and the roots in different layers of the microcosm, stem and leaves. Atrazine mineralization was higher (10.2%) in the microcosms with plants than the control microcosms without plants (1.2%). The upward movement of this pesticide from deeper to more superficial soil layers occurred in all the microcosms with plants, powered by evapotranspiration process. From the atrazine applied in this study about 45% was taken up by C. hololeuca and 35% by T. micrantha. The highest amount of radioactivity (%) was found in the fine roots and the specific radioactivity (% g^?1) showed that thick, fine roots and leaves bioaccumulate atrazine. The enhanced mineralization of atrazine as well the phytostabilization effect of the tree biomass will reduce the bioavailability of these residues and consequently decrease the hazardous effects on the environment.     

Spain's greatest and most recent mine disaster

On 25 April 1998, the mineral waste retaining wall at the Swedish-owned pyrite mine at Aznalcóllar (Seville, Spain) burst, causing the most harmful environmental and socio-economic disaster in the history of the River Guadiamar basin. The damage was so great that the regional government decided in May 1998 to finance a comprehensive, multidisciplinary research initiative with the objective of eradicating or at least minimising all of the negative social, economic and environmental impacts. This paper utilises a Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats (SWOT) analysis to identify eight strategic measures aimed at providing policymakers with key guidelines on implementing a sustainable development model, in a broad sense. Empirical evidence, though, reveals that, to date, major efforts to tackle the negative impacts have centred on environmental concerns and that the socio-economic consequences have not been completely mitigated.     

土壤污染物的释放速率及阻隔措施的研究

本文测定了硝基苯,苯胺,萘和苯酚从土壤向大气释放的速度,这些污染物一开始都有较高的释放速率,几天后污染物的释放速率下降。清洁的粘土和水泥板覆盖在污染的土地上能有效地防止污染物向大气释放,可用于土壤的修复。     

An Evaluation of Qualitative Indexes of Physical Habitat Applied to Agricultural Streams in Ten U.S. States1

Hughes, Robert M., Alan T. Herlihy, and Philip R. Kaufmann, 2010. An Evaluation of Qualitative Indexes of Physical Habitat Applied to Agricultural Streams in Ten U.S. States. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 46(4): 792-806. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2010.00455.x Abstract: Assessment of stream physical habitat condition is important for evaluating stream quality globally. However, the diversity of metrics and methods for assessing physical habitat condition confounds comparisons among practitioners. We surveyed 51 previously sampled stream sites (0.0-6.3 m wide) located in regions of row-crop agriculture in Oregon, California, North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska, Iowa, Minnesota, Pennsylvania, Maryland, and West Virginia to evaluate the comparability of four indexes of physical habitat condition relative to each other. We also compared the indexes to previously calculated indexes of fish and macroinvertebrate condition. The physical habitat indexes included the Stream Visual Assessment Protocol Version 2 of the Natural Resources Conservation Service, the qualitative habitat evaluation index of the Ohio Environmental Protection Agency, the rapid bioassessment protocol of the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), and a qualitative physical habitat index based on USEPA quantitative physical habitat measurements. All four indexes were highly correlated with each other, but low-to-moderately correlated with biotic index scores for fish and macroinvertebrate assemblages. Moderately high correlations occurred between some macroinvertebrate biotic index scores and quantitative metrics. We conclude that additional research is needed to increase the predictive and diagnostic capabilities of qualitative physical habitat indexes.