宁南山区人工林草对土壤真菌群落的影响

以宁南山区天然草地（长芒草（Stipa bungeana Trin））为参照,选取2种典型人工恢复植被：人工草地（苜蓿（Medicago sativa））和人工林地（柠条（Caragana korshinskii Kom））的表层土壤（0-20cm）为研究对象,利用Miseq高通量测序技术分析土壤真菌的多样性、物种组成及其相对丰度变化特征,并采用冗余分析（RDA）的方法研究环境因子对不同植被土壤真菌群落的影响.结果表明：3种植被样地土壤样品共测得真菌27个门,44个纲,70个目,91个科.其中,优势菌门有子囊菌门（Ascomycota）和担子菌门（Basidiomycota）,丰度分别为71.8%和15.2%;优势菌纲主要有：粪壳菌纲（Sordariomycetes）、座囊菌纲（Dothideomycetes）、伞菌纲（Agaricomycetes）和盘菌纲（Pezizomycetes）;优势菌属有：赤霉菌属（Gibberella）、肾形虫属（Colpoda）、水球壳属（Hydropisphaera）、叶生壳属（Floricola）、管柄囊霉属（Funneliformis）和Marcelleina.土壤真菌丰富度和多样性在苜蓿地最大,柠条地最小.球囊菌门（Glomeromycota）在天然草地的丰度最高,为4.8%;子囊菌门丰度在苜蓿地里最大,达82.6%,在柠条地最低,为56.8%;担子菌门和分类不明确门（Unclassified）在柠条土壤中丰度最大,分别为：25.3%和7.9%,在苜蓿地中最低,分别为：7.1%和0.8%.盘菌纲在天然草地中的丰度最高,为17.8%,且显著高于柠条地.伞菌纲在（Agaricomycetes）柠条地中的丰度明显高于苜蓿地.Heatmap热图分析表明,尽管苜蓿地中土壤真菌群落与天然草地的相似度更高,但是天然草地中AM真菌（Arbuscular mycorrhizal Fungi）的相对丰度最大,种植苜蓿使土壤致病菌属的相对丰度增加,柠条地的肾形虫属相对丰度最高.人工林草对土壤真菌的群落组成和多样性有较明显的影响.土壤水分（SW）、有机碳（TOC）和全氮（TN）是影响宁南山区林草地土壤真菌群落的主要理化因子.     

华北油田二连分公司蒙古林作业区生态环境质量状况研究

本文选取二连油田蒙古林作业区生态环境质量为研究对象,对该区域内的土地利用／覆盖状况、植被状况、景观类型及其破碎度进行定性、定量研究。结果表明：（1）2008年,该区域土地利用类型主要为有林地、中覆盖度草地、低覆盖度草地、工矿交通建设用地和盐碱地等;工交建设占地明显。（2）该区2008年主要植物群落类型有：克氏针茅＋羊草＋杂类草、克氏针茅＋锦鸡儿＋杂类草、羊草＋针茅＋杂类草等;受到气候变暖等原因影响,小针茅已经在本区广泛分布。（3）该区2008年主要景观类型为针茅＋锦鸡儿草原景观、针茅草原景观、羊草草原景观、林地景观、人工建设区景观和道路景观;景观破碎度较高,人为干扰较为严重。建议相关单位足够重视并采取切实可行的措施,防止本区生态环境恶化。     

植被恢复对矸石山生态环境效应影响研究

以兴隆庄煤矿绿化矸石山和裸露矸石山为研究对象,研究了植被恢复对矸石山生态环境效应的影响.结果表明,植被的恢复重建了矸石山生态系统,改善了矸石山生态环境:气温平均降低3.7℃、空气相对湿度提高了7.1%,矸石山近地层SO2、NOx和TSP粉尘日均浓度分别降低了0.1471 mg/m3,0.0004 mg/m3 0.0389 Mg/m3矸石山植被的恢复增加了矸石山土壤比重,降低了土壤容重、提高了土壤有机质含量.     

东江干流河岸带植物群落类型分布格局研究

对东江干流河滨带植物群落类型进行详细调查,并对其空间分异情况进行了系统研究。根据野外调查所获90个样地数据资料,结合应用了TWINSPAN、DCA、CCA等数量分析方法。调查中共发现样内植物56科187属271种;TWINSPAN分类将该90个样地归并划分为15个群丛;DCA排序的第一轴的累积变异量为9.3%,前两轴的累积变异量为15.8%;CCA排序前两轴对物种-环境关系的解释量为62.6%;DCA、CCA排序分析揭示了群落在上、中、下游的分布情况,以及这些群落的分布格局与温度、人类干扰强度、土壤含水量等因子之间的相互关系。     

Physical and Chemical Connectivity of Streams and Riparian Wetlands to Downstream Waters: A Synthesis

Streams, riparian areas, floodplains, alluvial aquifers, and downstream waters (e.g., large rivers, lakes, and oceans) are interconnected by longitudinal, lateral, and vertical fluxes of water, other materials, and energy. Collectively, these interconnected waters are called fluvial hydrosystems. Physical and chemical connectivity within fluvial hydrosystems is created by the transport of nonliving materials (e.g., water, sediment, nutrients, and contaminants) which either do or do not chemically change (chemical and physical connections, respectively). A substantial body of evidence unequivocally demonstrates physical and chemical connectivity between streams and riparian wetlands and downstream waters. Streams and riparian wetlands are structurally connected to downstream waters through the network of continuous channels and floodplain form that make these systems physically contiguous, and the very existence of these structures provides strong geomorphologic evidence for connectivity. Functional connections between streams and riparian wetlands and their downstream waters vary geographically and over time, based on proximity, relative size, environmental setting, material disparity, and intervening units. Because of the complexity and dynamic nature of connections among fluvial hydrosystem units, a complete accounting of the physical and chemical connections and their consequences to downstream waters should aggregate over multiple years to decades.     

河岸带地下水营养元素和有机质变化及与洪水的响应关系研究

河岸带地下水和河水存在复杂的交互作用,地下水和地表水存在明显的补排关系,洪水事件是影响河岸带地下水水质波动的重要水文过程. 以黄河湿地国家级自然保护区孟津湿地为研究对象,通过河岸带地下水营养元素指标(特别是小浪底水库调水调沙期间)野外定位观测,深入分析了河岸带地下水水质变化及其与洪水的响应关系. 结果表明,河岸滩区的农业开发存在明显的氮、磷下渗流失风险. 临近河岸的农耕旱作区,是河流与人工湿地之间一个特殊的氮污染物控制单元,对地下水和河流之间的氮迁移隔离起着极为重要的作用. 在人工湿地,农家粪作为底肥加入可能是磷下渗流失的重要源头,进入地下水中的磷顺着水力坡度还发生着显著的横向迁移,尤其在调水期横向迁移更加明显. 河岸滩区的开发类型及其耕作制度对地下水的硝氮含量产生重要的影响. 在鱼塘区,常年的土壤厌氧环境加重了氮的下渗迁移和积累;在荷塘区,春夏季节,土壤淹没呈厌氧环境,氮迁移和硝化作用显著,在秋冬季节,土壤呈好氧环境,氮硝化作用显著发生,全年氮达到相对平衡的状态;距离河岸50～200 m之间氮的硝化-反硝化作用强烈,是一个高效的微生物氮净化单元. 人工湿地施用的农家粪是有机物流失的重要源头,河岸滩区土壤质地呈沙性,渗透能力强,土壤保水保肥能力差,在此区进行农业活动,尤其是人工湿地开发中大量施用肥料,容易造成土壤表层有机质和氮磷养分因灌溉而导致的下渗流失,进而污染地下水与河水,较由降雨引起的地表径流流失显得更为突出. 距离河道50～200 m的范围是重要的污染净化单元,为典型的滩区地下水-河流的水陆交错带. 该区域的合理保护,对于保护河流水质和地下水水质十分重要.     

赤泥强化型河岸带模拟系统对再生水中磷去除效果的研究

为了探讨不同比例赤泥施入量对再生水磷去除效果的影响以及植物在再生水净化过程的作用,利用赤泥中富含钙、铁、铝等金属氧化物对磷具有较强吸附性能的特点,构建了室内赤泥强化型河岸带模拟系统.结果表明,赤泥最适施入质量分数为2.5%～5.0%,此时TP去除率为82%～76%,出水磷浓度约为0.22～0.29 mg/L,SRP/TP比值为74%～75%.当赤泥施入量为2.5%时,相比无植物系统,有植物系统的磷净化效率提高了4%,约为86%,出水磷浓度为0.17mg/L.这些结果表明赤泥可以适当比例直接掺混于河岸带的土壤中,这为其提高对再生水中磷的去除能力提供了一种新途径.     

富营养水体中常绿水生植被组建及净化效果研究

1992～1993年在富营养湖泊五里湖中开展了常绿型人工水生植被组建实验,在面积为2000m²的半封闭式围隔实验区中,选用耐寒植物伊乐藻和喜温植物菱及风眼莲,组建成了常绿型人工水生植被。这种常绿型人工水生植被不仅使实验区内常年保持较好的水质,而且对外来污染冲击有很强的缓冲能力。它可用于水源保护、局部性水质控制、污水净化生态工程、小型富营养水体的生态恢复等。如能解决耐寒型沉水植物伊乐藻与喜温型沉水植物种类间的衔接过渡,这种常绿型人工水生植被技术还可望用于富营养水体中天然水生植被的恢复。     

Use of Landsat Thematic Mapper Data to Assess Seasonal Rangeland Changes in the Southeast Kalahari, Botswana

/ Management problems arise in semiarid rangeland that are characterized by marked wet and dry seasons because of forage deficiencies in the dry season. These natural vegetation rangelands can sustain livestock all year long when forage and senesced grass are available into the dry season. Seasonal range condition data are required to provide a basis for pasture management to help locate dry season cover and thereby minimize overstocking and degradation. The generation of seasonal data using Thematic Mapper (TM) imagery was undertaken to assess changes in natural vegetation cover in the southern Botswana Kalahari. Visual analysis of spectral reflectance curves, the development of spectral separability indexes, and conventional classification analysis techniques were used to identify and differentiate rangeland features. Results from reflectance curves indicated that most rangeland cover types could be preferentially distinguished using mainly wet season data, especially on the longer TM wavebands, and that range feature differentiation was more problematic on darker soils than on lighter soils. Spectral separability indexes (SSIs) confirmed that range feature separation varied considerably as a function of waveband and was more effective in the wet than the dry season. The SSIs also showed that range feature differentiation in both seasons was most effective using a combination of the chlorophyll absorpance band (TM3) and two mid-infrared bands (TM5 and TM7). Wet season data were more effectively classified in terms of range features than dry season data although some class similarity was inferred across the two classified data sets. The work shows that overall trends may be generated by comparing seasonal data sets, thereby providing an overall basis for dry season decision making. However, particular problems arise within the dry season data sets probably because of spectral similarities between shadow and darkened vegetation cover, thereby implying that further work is needed. KEY WORDS: Semiarid rangelands; Botswana; Kalahari; Spectral differentiation; Seasonal change; Darkened vegetation cover     

昆仑山木孜塔格峰北坡藏羚繁殖地的自然植被

通过对阿尔金山国家级自然保护区内藏羚产羔繁殖期的野外考察,研究了昆仑山木孜塔峰北坡藏羚繁殖地的自然植被及其分布,从繁殖地的自然生态特征按摩了藏羚与其繁殖期栖息生之间的关系。结果表明,藏羚对产羔繁殖地的选择不是基于植被条件,而是选择更加安全的区域作为其产羔繁殖地。