城市规划中人口空间分布模拟方法研究

城市人口空间分布是影响社会经济活力、基础设施建设、公共服务配置以及城市交通、住宅、生态环境问题等方面的重要因素之一,是科学开展城市规划的基础与前提.传统的等值区域图法只能描述一个地区总体城市分布状况,难以准确反映城市内部人口的实际分布.本文通过综述国内外23篇研究成果,将城市人口分布空间模拟方法总结为城市人口密度模型、内插法空间分布模型、地理因子相关性模型(包括光谱估算法、土地利用密度法、居住单元估算法、夜间灯光强度估算法、硬化地表估算法)3大类7种,分析了它们各自的特点及改进措施.人口空间分布模拟在我国城市规划体系中有较大应用价值,重点讨论了在城镇体系规划、城市总体规划以及详细规划等不同规划层面人口空间分布适用模拟技术.最后指出为提高我国城市规划的科学性和预测精度,综合运用多种方法对城市人口空间分布进行估算模拟将成为该领域研究趋势,以期为城市规划管理提供技术参考.     

集成遥感和GIS的元胞自动机城市生长模拟

元胞自动机（Cellular Automata, CA）因其“自下而上”的自组织性能够呈现复杂的全局结构,越来越多地应用于城市生长和演化模拟。从历史遥感影像中提取了对城市生长影响较大的空间距离变量,结合实测数据和规划数据,挖掘基于Logistic回归的地理CA转换规则,建立了Logistic CA模型。在自主开发的基于GIS的地理模拟框架下,以中小尺度城市上海市嘉定区为例,利用该Logistic CA模型模拟和重建了该区1989~2006年城市生长过程。将模拟结果与遥感影像分类的结果进行逐象元比较,获取混淆矩阵和Kappa系数,从而对模型模拟结果进行评价。研究表明:Logistic CA模型适合于中小尺度城市生长模拟,模拟结果与城市实际形态相符,精度较好。最后,基于嘉定区城市发展态势不变的假设,预测了其2010年城市生长的可能情景。     

三峡水库156米蓄水位消落区植被恢复遥感动态监测研究

基于2007～2009年的Landsat5 TM、HJ 1A/1B CCD遥感数据,利用像元二分法对三峡水库156 m蓄水位消落区的植被覆盖度进行了计算,分析了消落区植被恢复的时空变化特征,探讨了植被恢复时空变化的影响因子。2007、2008、2009年3 a 156 m蓄水位消落区植被覆盖度分别为512%、515%、492%,其中支流消落区的植被覆盖度高于干流,这与地形条件有关,坡度的大小决定了消落区植被覆盖的空间差异。2008年与2007年消落区植被覆盖状况基本一致,而2009年的植被覆盖度低于之前两年,这与三峡大坝水位调度方案不同有关,退水较晚时,植被生长时间较短,其植被覆盖度较低。研究结果表明,在正常的调度、一定的地形条件下,淹没数月的消落区植被具有一定的自然萌生能力。     

Assessment for Salinized Wasteland Expansion and Land Use Change Using GIS and Remote Sensing in the West Part of Northeast China

Due to human impact under climatic variations, western part of Northeast China has suffered substantial land degradation during past decades. This paper presents an integrated study of expansion process of salinized wasteland in Da’an County, a typical salt-affected area in Northeast China, by using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and remote sensing. The study explores the temporal and spatial characteristics of salinized wasteland expansion from 1954 to 2004, and land use/cover changes during this period. During the past 50 years, the salinized wasteland in study area have increased by 135,995 ha, and in 2004 covers 32.31% of the total area, in the meantime grassland has decreased by 104,697 ha and in 2004 covers only 13.15% of the study area. Grasslands, croplands and swamplands were found the three main land use types converted into salinized wasteland. Land use/cover changes shows that between 1954 and 2004, 48.6% of grasslands, 42.5% of swamplands, and 14.1% of croplands were transformed into salinized wasteland, respectively. Lastly, the major factors influencing salinized wasteland expansion and land use/cover changes were also explored. In general, climatic factors supplied a potential environment for soil salinization. Human-related factors, such as policy, population, overgrazing, and intensified and unreasonable utilization of land and water resources are the main causes of salinized wasteland expansion.     

Remote sensing-based neural network mapping of tsunami damage in Aceh, Indonesia

In addition to the loss of human life, the tsunami event of 26 December 2004 caused extensive damage to coastal areas. The scale of the disaster was such that remote sensing may be the only way to determine its effects on the landscape. This paper presents the results of a neural network-based mapping of part of the region of Aceh, Sumatra. Before-and-after satellite imagery, combined with a novel neural network methodology, enabled a characterisation of landscape change. The neural network technique used a threshold of acceptance for identification, in combination with a bootstrapped identification method for identifying problem pixels. Map analysis allowed identification of urban areas that were inaccessible by road, and which aid agencies could therefore only reach by air or sea. The methods used provide a rapid and effective mapping ability and would be a useful tool for aid agencies, insurance underwriters and environmental monitoring.     

遥感图像在江苏镇江市滑坡调查中的应用

应用遥感技术、调查了镇江市滑坡灾害的分布及期次 ;分析了主要滑坡带的发展趋势 ,并进行了预测方面的总结     

基于GIS与QuickBird影像的小流域土壤侵蚀定量评价

基于GIS技术和QuickBird遥感影像,采用修正的通用土壤流失方程RUSLE作为评价模型,计算了清水沟小流域土壤侵蚀量,并结合土壤侵蚀强度分级标准,生成流域土壤侵蚀强度等级图;利用GIS的叠置分析功能,定量分析了土壤侵蚀与坡度和土地利用之间的关系,并针对不同水保措施预测了水土保持治理效果.结果表明清水沟小流域土壤侵蚀模数为75.02 t·hm-2·a-1,属强度侵蚀区,年水土流失量2.6×104 t;流域64.5%的泥沙来自于占流域面积仅28%的极强度和剧烈侵蚀区域;经分析,流域土壤侵蚀模数与坡度呈显著正相关,不同土地利用类型的土壤侵蚀模数大小排序依次为难利用地＞建设用地＞坡耕地＞园地＞草地＞林地;退耕还林是降低土壤侵蚀强度与减少水土流失量的主要途径.     

陕北长城沿线沙质荒漠化遥感研究

采用1975年MSS卫星图像、2000年ETM卫星图像为遥感信息源,通过建立科学的沙质荒漠化土地分类体系,并结合地理信息系统方法,对位于农牧交错带生态环境脆弱的陕北长城沿线沙质荒漠化进行了现状及动态变化分析,结果表明,经过20多年来沙质荒漠化防治,现代沙质荒漠化过程得到了明显的逆转,25年间,沙质荒漠化土地面积减少了195.18km²,逆转区的面积比发展区的面积大1280.48km²,为该区能源化工基地的建设提供了良好的生态环境,但是目前该区的沙质荒漠化土地强度依然较大,危害较大的极重度和重度沙质荒漠化土地占到总沙质荒漠化土地面积的35.64%,同时煤炭、油气资源的开发对沙质荒漠化的负面影响具有潜在性和长期性,因此,建立合理的资源开发和环境保护体系具有重要的生态和社会意义。     

基于电场测量的起重机防触电报警系统

本系统是一种便于在各种起重机设备上安装的距离监测防触电报警制动装置,按功能分为探测模块和接收模块两部分。基于简单可靠的测量方法,探测模块将高压场强信号转换为易处理的电压信号,再进行衰减、整形、滤波,得到与电场强度对应的直流信号。利用高效片上系统C8051F020进行A/D转换,再通过无线电通讯系统把监测到场强信息发送到安装在驾驶室的接收模块。该装置的接收模块能接收多个感应探头的信号,应用时将感应探头安装在起重机各凸出部位。接收模块分析处理接收到的各个感应探头的信息,在智能大液晶屏上,用红、黄、绿彩色矩状的变化,形象的显示起重机各突出部位离场源的距离。一旦起重机设备的某凸出部位与带电体距离小于国家规定的安全距离时,所感应到场强会超过设定值,装置会发出预警、报警信号,同时能控制继电器断开电源,强行制动停止起重设备作业。实现可靠的安全保护。本系统的探测部分采用了有效的屏蔽措施,经过测试,能在30—220kV的高压电场环境中正常工作。     

Assessment of cropland inundation due to the operation of the Reelfoot Lake spillway in West Tennessee

Running Reelfoot Bayou (RRB) is the outlet canal of Reelfoot Lake, the largest natural lake in Tennessee. RRB is not able to contain discharge from Reelfoot Lake greater than the bankfull discharge of 28 m³/s (1000 ft³/s), which typically occurs at the beginning of the growing season (April–June). Historically, the planting of crops has been delayed until flooding subsides and cropland has drained. The objective of this study is a preliminary quantification of cropland inundation to determine its spatial distribution in the RRB floodplain. Inundated croplands in the RRB floodplain were delineated over a range of spillway discharges from 2 to 57 m³/s (70–2000 ft³/s), using one-dimensional–two-dimensional hydrodynamic modeling and multispectral satellite images (Landsat 8 and Sentinel-2). The composite maps made by combining the simulated and image-derived flood maps were overlaid on the United States Department of Agriculture CropScape layer to determine the inundation of individual summer crops during the growing season. About 25% of the inundated croplands are flooded at discharges of RRB less than 28 m³/s, implying wetland hydrology. The results of this analysis can be used to inform operational management of the Reelfoot Lake spillway.