Spatial patterns of tungsten and cobalt in surface dust of Fallon,Nevada

Spatial patterns of tungsten and cobalt are described for surface dust of Fallon, Nevada, where a cluster of childhood leukemia has been ongoing since 1997. In earlier research, airborne tungsten and cobalt was shown to be elevated in total suspended particulates in Fallon. To fine-tune the spatial patterns of tungsten and cobalt deposition in Fallon, surface dust was collected in a grid pattern within as well as outside of Fallon to establish background concentrations of metals. In surface dust, tungsten and cobalt show sharp peaks (934 ppm and 98 ppm, respectively) within Fallon just north of highway 50 and west of highway 95. These two peaks overlap spatially, and given the grid pattern used for collecting surface dust, the source area of these two airborne metals can be pinpointed to the vicinity of hard-metal industry located north of highway 50 and west of highway 95. Fallon is distinctive in west central Nevada because of high airborne tungsten and cobalt particulates, and given its cluster of childhood leukemia, it stands to reason that additional biomedical research is in order to test directly the leukogenicity of combined airborne tungsten and cobalt particulates.     

天车通过式集烟罩在45t转炉烟尘治理中的应用

在此提出了天车通过式捕集工艺方法。并在45t转炉的烟气治理上得到成功应用,为解决45t以下中小转炉的问题开辟了新的途径。     

利用EP/TOMS遥感资料分析我国上空沙尘天气过程

利用EP/TOMS卫星遥感资料,并结合地面气象观测记录,分析了影响我国典型沙尘暴天气的发生、发展和传输过程.定义了使用EP/TOMS气溶胶指数定量描述沙尘天气强度的指标体系,并对1998年3-4月间发生的沙尘天气的强度及其演变进行了详细的分析.结果表明:利用EP/TOMS 气溶胶指数并结合气象观测资料,可以对大规模的沙尘天气进行及时判别、监视,并预报影响范围及传输路径;同时,利用TOMS气溶胶指数建立起来的指标体系可以半定量化地描述沙尘暴天气的强度和影响范围.      

An assessment on the recycling opportunities of wastes emanating from scrap metal processing in Mauritius

This paper presents an assessment on the wastes namely slag, dust, mill scale and sludge resulting from scrap metal processing. The aim of this study is to demonstrate that there are various ways via which scrap metal processing wastes can be reused or recycled in other applications instead of simply diverting them to the landfill. These wastes are briefly described and an overview on the different areas of applications is presented. Based on the results obtained, the waste generation factor developed was 349.3 kg per ton of steel produced and it was reported that slag represents 72% of the total wastes emanating from the iron and steel industry in Mauritius. Finally the suitability of the different treatment and valorisation options in the context of Mauritius is examined.     

Effect of scale on freely propagating flames in aluminum dust clouds

The majority of experimental tests done on combustible dusts are performed in constant volume vessels that have limited or no optical access. Over the years, McGill University has been developing alternative experimental techniques based on direct observation of dust flames, yielding reliable fundamental parameters such as flame burning velocity, temperature and structure. The present work describes two new experimental set-ups allowing direct observation of isobaric and freely propagating dust flames at two sufficiently different scales to test the influence of scale on dust flame phenomena. In the laboratory-scale experiments, a few grams of aluminum powder are dispersed in transparent, 30 cm diameter latex balloons that allow for full visualization of the spherical flame propagation. In the field experiments, about 1 kg of aluminum powder is dispersed by a short pulse of air, forming a conical dust cloud with a total volume of about 5 m³. High-speed digital imaging is used to record the particle dispersal and flame propagation in both configurations. In the small-scale laboratory tests, the measured flame speed is found to be about 2.0 ± 0.2 m/s in fuel-rich aluminium clouds. The burning velocity, calculated by dividing the measured flame speed by the expansion factor deduced from thermodynamic equilibrium calculations, correlates well with the previously measured burning velocity of about 22–24 cm/s from Bunsen dust flames. Flame speeds observed in field experiments with large-scale clouds, however, are found to be much higher, in the range of 12 ± 2 m/s. Estimations are presented that show that the presumably greater role of radiative heat transfer in larger-scale aluminium flames is insufficient to explain the six-fold increase in flame speed. The role of residual large-eddy turbulence, as well as the frozen-turbulence effect leading to large-scale dust concentration fluctuations that cause flame folding, are discussed as two possible sources for the greater flame speed.     

Critically evaluating best management practices for preventing freshwater turtle extinctions

Ex situ conservation tools, such as captive breeding for reintroduction, are considered a last resort to recover threatened or endangered species, but they may also help reduce anthropogenic threats where it is difficult or impossible to address them directly. Headstarting, or captive rearing of eggs or neonate animals for subsequent release into the wild, is controversial because it treats only a symptom of a larger conservation problem; however, it may provide a mechanism to address multiple threats, particularly near population centers. We conducted a population viability analysis of Australia's most widespread freshwater turtle, Chelodina longicollis, to determine the effect of adult roadkill (death by collision with motor vehicles), which is increasing, and reduced recruitment through nest predation from introduced European red foxes (Vulpes vulpes). We also modeled management scenarios to test the effectiveness of headstarting, fox management, and measures to reduce mortality on roads. Only scenarios with headstarting from source populations eliminated all risks of extinction and allowed population growth. Small increases in adult mortality (2%) had the greatest effect on population growth and extinction risk. Where threats simultaneously affected other life‐history stages (e.g., recruitment), eliminating harvest pressures on adult females alone did not eliminate the risk of population extinction. In our models, one source population could supply enough hatchlings annually to supplement 25 other similar‐sized populations such that extinction was avoided. Based on our results, we believe headstarting should be a primary tool for managing freshwater turtles for which threats affect multiple life‐history stages. We advocate the creation of source populations for managing freshwater turtles that are greatly threatened at multiple life‐history stages, such as depredation of eggs by invasive species and adult mortality via roadkill.     

阳泉市秋冬季PM2.5化学组分及来源分析

采集了阳泉市城区2017年10月15日～2018年1月23日PM_(2.5)样品,分析了优良天和污染天PM_(2.5)及其化学组分特征,并利用富集因子分析法(EF)和正定矩阵因子分析法(PMF)对PM_(2.5)进行来源分析.结果表明,采样期间污染天二次无机离子(SO_4~(2-)、 NO~-_3和NH~+_4)在PM_(2.5)中的比例为23.83%,是优良天的2.43倍,污染天二次无机污染严重,污染天人为源相关的元素Cd、 Sb、 Sn、 Cu、 Pb、 Zn和As富集程度大于优良天;主要的污染源对PM_(2.5)的贡献分别是燃煤29.26%、扬尘23.83%、机动车19.34%、二次源16.01%和工业源11.57%,其中,污染天机动车排放对PM_(2.5)的贡献20.57%,高于优良天时17.82%,而燃煤源的贡献23.04%明显低于优良天时33.75%,静稳天气时机动车排放对PM_(2.5)贡献较优良天上升,燃煤源对PM_(2.5)贡献有下降.因此,阳泉市在秋冬季应加强对燃煤、扬尘源的控制,同时进一步加强对机动车的控制,以减少污染期间机动车的贡献.     

京津冀及周边区域PM2.5叠加沙尘重污染过程特征及预报效果分析

选取京津冀及周边区域2018年11月23日至12月4日一次大范围、长时间且PM_(2.5)叠加两次沙尘传输的复合型重度污染过程开展特征研究,分析了首要污染物PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)浓度的发展演变,以及污染气象影响因素;结合激光雷达地基和车载走航监测结果,以及HYSPLIT后向轨迹结果,讨论了区域污染传输的情况;并对重污染期间NAQPMS、CMAQ和CAMx这3个空气质量模式的预报效果进行了回顾分析.结果表明,研究时段PM_(2.5)叠加两次沙尘传输导致区域中南部多数城市达到重至严重污染水平,张家口、北京、石家庄、邯郸和郑州PM_(10)小时峰值分别为1 589、864、794、738和766μg·m~(-3),PM_(2.5)小时峰值浓度分别为239、319、387、321和380μg·m~(-3).地面弱气压场、高湿、逆温等静稳条件和沙尘是重要的污染气象和天气因素.激光雷达地基和车载走航监测数据结合HYSPLIT后向轨迹分析表明重污染期间区域西南和东南方向发生了PM_(2.5)传输;区域两次沙尘过程主要受西北路径传输影响.此外,NAQPMS、CMAQ和CAMx这3个模式均可较好地预测到京津冀及周边区域的重污染过程,但对个别城市预报略有偏差.该次重污染过程中模式对PM_(2.5)的预报效果要好于PM_(10),这与气象模式预报、大气化学反应机制、污染源清单的不确定性,以及重污染应急措施导致的污染源排放的改变有一定关系.     

Basic properties of sintering dust from iron and steel plant and potassium recovery

With the production of crude steel, China produces several million tons of sintering dusts which contain a great deal of valuable metals such as, K, Na, Zn, Pb. If discharged directly without adequate treatment, these elements can lead to adverse effects on the environment. Therefore, it is very necessary to determine how to separate these elements from the dust before discharge. Several physical and chemical detection methods were used to study the basic properties of sintering dust. At the same time, preliminary experiments on the recovery of the potassium resources from the sintering dust were carried out. The mean particle size of the electrostatic precipitator (ESP) dust determined by a laser granulometer was 41.468 μm. Multi-point BET and single-point BET analysis showed that the surface area of the ESP dust was 2.697 m²/g. XRD measurements detected the following phases in the ESP dust: Fe₂O₃, Fe₃O₄, KCl and NaCl, and Fe₂O₃, Fe₃O₄ and SiO₂ in the water-washed dust. SEM-EDS results proved that in the ESP dust, K mostly existed in the form of KCl particles without being coated. Leaching experiments showed that the KCl in the ESP dust could be separated and recovered by water leaching and fractional crystallization. Through the recovery experiments, the yield of K-Na vaporized crystalline salt was 18.56%, in which the mass fractions of KCl, NaCl, CaSO₄ and K₂SO₄ were about 61.03%, 13.58%, 14.03% and 9.97%, respectively. This process is technically viable and considerable in economic benefit. There was almost no secondary pollution produced in the whole recovery process.     

不同布局形式居民区受城市交通噪声影响分析

文章通过对城市道路产生交通噪声进行分析,给出其对不同距离、不同高度处影响规律;对不同布局形式的居民区所受交通噪声影响进行分析、论证,提出有利于噪声污染防治的布局建议。