原油加热炉对流炉管表面积灰清理技术的应用

针对鲁宁线和中洛线原油加热炉炉管穿孔现象,对加热炉积灰成分、性质及成因进行了分析,提出有效的高压蒸汽清灰技术。现场应用表明,该技术可提高炉管换热效率、减少炉管的腐蚀,确保加热炉的安全运行。     

基于梯形模糊数的地表灰尘重金属污染健康风险评价模型

将梯形模糊数引入环境健康风险评价领域,构建了城市地表灰尘重金属污染健康风险评价模糊模型,提出了健康风险等级判别方法和具有模糊化特征的风险等级判别标准.同时,选取重金属Zn、Pb、Cu、Cd和Cr为评价因子,将基于梯形模糊数的健康风险评价模型和风险等级识别方法应用于合肥市城区地表灰尘重金属污染的健康风险评价中.结果表明,地表灰尘中Cd和Cr的致癌风险均很低,期望值分别为1.49×10-9和2.75×10-7,低于美国环保署（USEPA）推荐值10-6;Cd和Cr致癌总风险对Ⅰ级风险的隶属度为0.927,因此属于极低风险水平.儿童的地表灰尘重金属非致癌总风险期望值为1.888,超过了安全阈值1.0,而成人的非致癌总风险期望值仅为0.278;儿童和成人健康风险的主要暴露途径都是手-口直接摄入.     

Inerting effect of CaCO3 powder on flame spread of wood dust layer

The effect of CaCO₃ powder, a typical inert dust, on the flame spread characteristics of wood dust layers was studied using an experimental device to understand the ignition characteristics of and develop inert explosion-proof technology for deposited wood dust. The results showed that the flame spread velocity (FSV) of the mixed dust layer was affected by the dispersion effect of CaCO₃ powder and physical heat absorption. As the CaCO₃ powder mass fraction increased, the FSV of the dust layer first increased and then decreased, reaching a peak at a 50% mass fraction. Moreover, the front-end temperature of the flame gradually decreased, and the red spark faded. The combustion reaction of the mixed dust layer could be more completed, and the colour of the combustion residue changed from charcoal black to charcoal grey. The coupling effect of the initial temperature and wind speed can promote an increase in the FSV in the mixed dust layer. The Gauss–Amp model of the FSV of the wood dust layer and mass fraction of CaCO₃ powder showed that the peak of the FSV occurred when the mass fraction of CaCO₃ powder was between 40 and 50%. Thus, a good inerting and explosion-proof effect can be achieved by using CaCO₃ powder with a mass fraction of more than 50%; it can improve the whole inerting process. Inert explosion-proof technology should be considered when assessing fire and explosion risk of dust in real process industry situations.     

静电旋风水膜除尘系统电晕极优化实验研究*

为了研究电晕极结构对静电旋风水膜除尘系统的影响,采用逐步优化法,对比十字形芒刺电晕极和笼式环形电晕极在不同横向极距、纵向极距、芒刺数下对电场特性的影响。研究结果表明:经优化后,加入芒刺的笼式环形电晕极放电能力优于未加入芒刺的笼式环形电晕极和十字形芒刺电晕极,并在与水膜共同作用时具有较高的除尘效率,其结构参数为:从上至下4层圆环半径依次为107,80,54,28 mm;相邻圆环纵向极距为150 mm,圆环与集尘极的横向极距为90 mm;半径最小圆环上芒刺数为8根,其直径为2 mm,长度为10 mm。优化后的电晕极结构与水膜作用有助于提升静电旋风水膜除尘系统的除尘效率。     

复配型表面活性剂协同无机盐润湿煤尘性能研究*

为有效提高雾化降尘效率,以长焰煤为例,从接触角、表面张力静态试验和粒径测定、喷雾降尘动态试验角度切入,探究不同类型表面活性剂与无机盐的协同关系,进而优选出降尘效果最佳的配比方案。研究结果表明:阴与阴、阴与非、非与非离子复配型表面活性剂与无机盐之间均存在显著协同效应,且通过正交试验可确定协同效果最优的3组配方及其最佳浓度;对比清水,3组配方的平均粒径均有所减小,降尘效率均有大幅提升。综合优选出的最佳配比为质量分数0.08%的仲烷基磺酸钠、0.04%的曲拉通X-100和0.04%的氯化钙复合配制的溶液,该方案的全尘降尘效率为92.55%,比清水提升79.95%;呼尘降尘效率为91.27%,比清水提升82.36%。     

Influence of different weather events on concentrations of particulate matter with different sizes in Lanzhou, China

The formation and development of weather events has a great impact on the diffusion, accumulation and transport of air pollutants, and causes great changes in the particulate pollution level. It is very important to study their influence on particulate pollution. Lanzhou is one of the most particulate-polluted cities in China and even in the world. Particulate matter (PM) including TSP, PM_>10, PM_2.5-10, PM_2.5 and PM_1.0 concentrations were simultaneously measured during 2005-2007 in Lanzhou to evaluate the influence of three kinds of weather events - dust, precipitation and cold front - on the concentrations of PM with different sizes and detect the temporal evolution. The main results are as follows: (1) the PM pollution in Lanzhou during dust events was very heavy and the rate of increase in the concentration of PM_2.5-10 was the highest of the five kinds of particles. During dust-storm events, the highest peaks of the concentrations of fine particles (PM_2.5 and PM_1.0) occurred 3 hr later than those of coarse particles (PM_>10 and PM_2.5-10). (2) The major effect of precipitation events on PM is wet scavenging. The scavenging rates of particles were closely associated with the kinds of precipitation events. The scavenging rates of TSP, PM_>10 and PM_2.5-10 by convective precipitation were several times as high as those caused by frontal precipitation for the same precipitation amount, the reason being the different formation mechanism and precipitation characteristics of the two kinds of precipitation. Moreover, there exists a limiting value for the scavenging rates of particles by precipitation. (3) The major effect of cold-front events on particles is clearance. However, during cold-front passages, the PM concentrations could sometimes rise first and decrease afterwards, which is the critical difference in the influence of cold fronts on the concentrations of particulate pollutants vs. gaseous pollutants.     

洛阳市不同功能区道路灰尘重金属污染及潜在生态风险

以洛阳市为例,调查了工业区、商业区、居民区、城乡结合处、城市绿地和城市主干道等6个功能区道路灰尘中重金属(Cu、Zn、Pb、Cr、Cd)含量,并采用Hkanson潜在生态危害指数评价重金属污染水平及其潜在风险.结果表明,洛阳市各功能区道路灰尘重金属含量均显著高出河南省土壤重金属环境背景值,平均含量依次为Zn(1 019.75 mg.kg-1)>Cr(401.63mg.kg-1)>Cu(240.94 mg.kg-1)>Pb(176.04 mg.kg-1)>Cd(2.33 mg.kg-1).在所有功能区,Cd均是污染最重的重金属,平均污染系数Cif高达35.84,之后依次是Zn(16.32)>Cu(12.05)>Pb(7.90)>Cr(6.36).各功能区道路灰尘中的重金属含量和污染水平存在较大差异,工业区的重金属总量最高、污染最重.不同功能区灰尘重金属综合潜在生态危害指数RI依次为工业区(1 709.51)>城市绿地(1 581.50)>商业区(1 297.45)>居民区(1 111.25)>城市主干道(889.97)>城乡结合部(641.39),且均已达到很强生态危害水平.产生潜在生态危害的重金属主要是Cd,在所有功能区均超出极强生态危害水平,其潜在生态危害指数Eir平均值达1 075.16,其次是Cu(60.23)和Pb(40.77),平均达中等生态危害水平,而Zn(16.32)和Cr(12.71)则为轻微生态危害水平.减少工业污染和交通污染可能是有效降低道路灰尘中重金属污染和风险的主要措施.     

天津市近郊地表风蚀型开放源对中心城区影响估算研究

可吸入颗粒物(PM₁₀)是我国大部分城市环境空气的首要污染物,地表风蚀尘是其重要来源,需要对该源的贡献量进行定量估算.基于TM遥感影像对天津土地利用类型进行分类并在近郊布设94个点采集地表土壤样品,进行粒度分析,基于GIS进行克里格插值计算,得到土壤粒径分布.结合风向、风速等气象数据,计算得出2009年分季节近郊四区（北辰、西青、津南和东丽）土壤风蚀模数、风蚀量、释尘模数和释尘量.结果表明,天津市近郊春、夏、秋和冬的风蚀量分别为21236.31、 4435.21、 7272.13和17204.40 t;北辰、西青、津南和东丽的全年风蚀量分别为6380.23、 32881.13、 8340.67和2546.02 t;全年耕地和林草地的风蚀量分别为49 599.20和548.85 t.天津市近郊2009年释尘量分别为9352.92 t（粒径＜10 μm）、 20587.99 t（粒径10～15 μm）和13873.74 t（粒径15～20 μm）.天津市近郊输入中心城区20　μm以下的尘量为20592.91 t, 10 μm以下的尘量为4395.89 t,占21.35%.     

广州市道路交通噪声地图的绘制

基于速度-密度关系模型,由浮动车速推算出广州市路网的交通流量,并从地理信息系统(GIS)加载道路及建筑物的属性信息作为噪声计算的输入参数;然后结合单车辆噪声排放模型及噪声传播扩散的基本原理,考虑城市建筑物群对交通噪声的遮挡衰减,建立了城市尺度的交通噪声计算模型,计算出了广州市的交通噪声值,并绘制出了广州市的交通噪声地图,结果可为广州市交通噪声污染的控制提供科学参考依据。     

铸铁机石墨粉尘治理

日照钢铁3号、4号铸铁机除尘系统改造,系统设计风量为500 000 m3/h。本除尘系统采用了移动除尘罩车等关键设备强化收尘效果,以实现既能在不妨碍生产的条件下改善工作环境,又能方便铸铁机铁水溜槽的清理和更换,从而提高铸铁机的工作效率的目的。移动收尘罩车等关键设备的使用,大大改善了铸铁机平台的工作环境,提高了工作效率,降低了劳动强度,消除了安全隐患,同时也产生了一定的经济效益。