DETECTING CUMULATIVE EFFECTS ON HEADWATER STREAMS IN THE ROUTT NATIONAL FOREST,COLORADO1

ABSTRACT: This study evaluated the use of a modified pebble count procedure (Bevenger and King, 1995) to detect cumulative watershed effects on headwater streams in the Routt National Forest in northcentral Colorado. The 42 sample reaches were stratified by disturbance (reference or disturbed) and geologic terrene (granitic or mixed sedimentary-volcanic). Water surface slope was a significant control on the number of fine particles in the reference reaches in both terranes, and the data from the disturbed reaches were adjusted accordingly. The disturbed reaches in the granitic terrene generally had a higher percentage of fine particles, and the adjusted number of fine particles was significantly correlated with the number of road crossings. Disturbed reaches in the sedimentary-volcanic (s-v) terrane generally did not have significantly more fine particles, nor were the adjusted numbers of fine particles significantly correlated with any management index. The lack of significant trends in the s-v streams is probably due to differences in weathering between the two rock types, and the location of the sample reach relative to sedimentary outcrops. Two other procedures were also used to assess cumulative watershed effects, with the Pfankuch channel stability rating yielding stronger and more consistent differences between the reference and the disturbed streams than the Tarzwell substrate ratio. We conclude that it may be difficult to define a standard reference condition, and that the number of road crossings is more strongly correlated with the number of fine particles than equivalent clearcut area.     

Avoidance Behavior by Prairie Grouse: Implications for Development of Wind Energy

Abstract:  New wind-energy facilities and their associated power transmission lines and roads are being constructed at a rapid pace in the Great Plains of North America. Nevertheless, little is known about the possible negative effects these anthropogenic features might have on prairie birds, one of the most threatened groups in North America. We examined radiotelemetry tracking locations of Lesser Prairie-Chickens ( Tympanuchus pallidicinctus ) and Greater Prairie-Chickens ( T. cupido ) in two locations in Oklahoma to determine whether these birds avoided or changed movement behavior near power lines and paved highways. We tracked 463 Lesser Prairie-Chickens (15,071 tracking locations) and 216 Greater Prairie-Chickens (5,750 locations) for 7 and 3 years, respectively. Individuals of both species avoided power lines by at least 100 m and Lesser Prairie-Chickens avoided one of the two highways by 100 m. Prairie-chickens crossed power lines less often than expected if birds moved randomly ( p < 0.05) but did not appear to perceive highways as a movement barrier ( p > 0.05). In addition, home ranges of Lesser Prairie-Chickens overlapped the power line less often than would be expected by chance placement of home ranges; this result was supported by kernel-density estimation of home ranges. It is likely that new power lines (and other tall structures such as wind turbines) will lead to avoidance of previously suitable habitat and will serve as barriers to movement. These two factors will likely increase fragmentation in an already fragmented landscape if wind energy development continues in prairie habitats .     

FLOW CAPACITY OF CULVERTS ON OREGON COAST RANGE FOREST ROADS1

ABSTRACT: One hundred twenty-eight stream-crossing culverts in the central Oregon Coast Range were evaluated for peak flow capacity and were compared with current design guidelines. Their ability to pass the 25-year peak flow, as mandated by Oregon State Forest Practice Rules, and their maximum flow capacity were determined. Over 40 percent of the culverts were unable to pass the 25-year peak flow at a headwater to diameter ratio of 1. About 17 percent could not pass the 25-year peak flow without headwater overtopping the roadfill. Installing the next larger pipe size at an additional original installation cost of about 14 percent would have allowed nearly all these culverts to pass the 25-year peak flow. Culvert capacity varied with ownership and watershed size.     

保定市区主要交通干道环境空气污染状况分析研究

利用保定市2013年7月份监测站点位大气环境监测统计数据,对保定市主要交通干道环境质量状况进行分析,结果表明,二氧化硫的日变化呈单峰分布,在中午12:00左右出现峰值,最低值出现在凌晨5:00。氮氧化物及一氧化碳的日变化呈现双峰型变化规律,早晨8:00左右出现第一个峰值,分别在下午15:00和17:00左右达到最低值,夜间19:00左右出现第二个峰值。说明交通干道两侧区域的二氧化硫、氮氧化物、一氧化碳的浓度变化与机动车流量之间存在一定的关系。     

基于实时交通数据的南京市主次干道机动车排放特征分析

通过2014年RFID实时数据得到南京市主干道和次干道车流量、车速、车队构成等交通信息,基于COPERT模型获取排放因子数据,利用高时空分辨率机动车排放(HTSVE)清单系统计算道路机动车排放量.运用非参数检验和道路聚类分析,结合Arc GIS技术,分析南京市主次干道机动车排放特征.结果表明,2014年南京市主次干道机动车以小型客车为主,比例均达80%,国Ⅲ和国Ⅳ车量总数超过90%,其中以国Ⅲ车排放贡献率最大.特殊时段(低谷时段、平峰时段、高峰时段)机动车日均排放量受道路类型和周末效应共同影响,南京市主次干道以排放分担率变化规律可分为5类,同类道路具有相似的变化特征且受空间地理位置影响.基于聚类结果,对不同类型道路的小时排放特征进行分析,以期为交通环境管理提供技术手段和决策依据.     

交通源多环芳烃的排放特征研究进展

交通源排放的多环芳烃一直是科学研究的热点。文章总结了机动车排放多环芳烃的影响因素,详细介绍了燃油品质、工况条件以及添加剂的选择对多环芳烃排放的影响,分析了不同交通路段多环芳烃的污染特征以及交通职业人群多环芳烃的暴露水平,总结了交通源多环芳烃的相关研究,并对该领域今后的发展动向提出了一些建议。     

基于观测数据的石家庄交通干线附近臭氧光化学敏感性分析

为确定石家庄东部郊区交通干线附近O₃生成光化学敏感性,利用2019年1月1日—2020年10月31日在线观测的NO_x、NO_y和O₃等数据计算并分析了O₃生成效率(OPE)及O₃光化学敏感性的NO_x临界浓度.结果表明:1交通干线附近O₃光化学敏感性存在季节差异,春季主要受VOCs控制,整体OPE为2.6±0.3,夏、秋季节主要受NO_x与VOCs协同控制,整体OPE分别为5.3±0.4和5.1±0.8;2NO_x体积分数>11×10^-9时,O₃生成主要为VOCs控制;NO_x体积分数介于6×10^-9~11×10^-9时,O₃生成主要受VOCs与NO_x协同控制;NO_x体积分数<6×10^-9时,O₃生成主要为NO_x控制;3O₃生成敏感性存在日变化特征,10:00之前O₃生成主要受VOCs控制,10:00—11:00是O₃生成由VOCs控制转变为VOCs和NO_x协同控制的过渡时段,12:00之后O₃生成主要由VOCs和NO_x协同控制,且午后14:00—16:00之间NO_x对O₃控制比例凸显.因此,石家庄O₃治理不但要重视NO_x与VOCs排放源的协同管控,尤其午后还需要对NO_x排放源进行分时段精细化管控.     

Identifying and mitigating the impacts on primates of transportation and service corridors

Most primate populations are declining; 60% of species face extinction. The expansion of transportation and service corridors (T&S) (i.e., roads and railways and utility and service lines) poses a significant yet underappreciated threat. With the development of T&S corridors predicted to increase across primates' ranges, it is necessary to understand the current extent of its impacts on primates, the available options to mitigate these effectively, and recognize research and knowledge gaps. By employing a systematic search approach to identify literature that described the relationship between primates and T&S corridors, we extracted information from 327 studies published between 1980 and 2020. Our results revealed that 218 species and subspecies across 62 genera are affected, significantly more than the 92 listed by the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. The majority of studies took place in Asia (45%), followed by mainland Africa (31%), the Neotropics (22%), and Madagascar (2%). Brazil, Indonesia, Equatorial Guinea, Vietnam, and Madagascar contained the greatest number of affected primate species. Asia featured the highest number of species affected by roads, electrical transmission lines, and pipelines and the only studies addressing the impact of rail and aerial tramways on primates. The impact of seismic lines only emerged in the literature from Africa and the Neotropics. Impacts are diverse and multifaceted, for example, animal–vehicle collisions, electrocutions, habitat loss and fragmentation, impeded movement and genetic exchange, behavioral changes, exposure to pollution, and mortality associated with hunting. Although several mitigation measures were recommended, only 41% of studies focused on their implementation, whereas only 29% evaluated their effectiveness. Finally, there was a clear bias in the species and regions benefiting from research on this topic. We recommend that government and conservation bodies recognize T&S corridors as a serious and mounting threat to primates and that further research in this area is encouraged.