天山北坡区域大气污染特征及冬季重污染成因分析—以石河子市为例

以天山北坡典型代表城市石河子市为例,基于地面常规污染物浓度监测、气象观测、激光雷达观测及中尺度气象模型(WRF)模拟资料,综合分析了气象条件和边界层结构变化对空气质量的影响。结果表明：以石河子市为代表的天山北坡地区空气质量季节性差异显著,PM_2.5浓度在冬、夏两季相差最高达11.4倍,且冬季（12月—次年2月）大气污染发生率高达81.2%,重度及以上污染天气占59.1%。冬季污染呈连续“污染季”变化特征,在2020—2021年冬季发生的4次重污染过程中,每次重污染过程持续时间为7~27 d,间隔仅1~3 d,各过程均以PM_2.5污染为主导,PM_2.5峰值浓度为373~425 μg/m³,PM_2.5/PM₁₀均值为0.82。进入秋冬季后,地面连续低温、高湿的气象条件对PM_2.5浓度的增长有显著促进作用,以温度<−3 ℃和65%<相对湿度<92%为主要影响条件,在该条件下边界层高度的显著降低和连续强逆温引起的近地扩散条件转差,是冬“污染季”形成的根本原因。在2021年1月16—22日重污染过程期间,地面为持续低温、高湿、微/静风状态,重污染生消仅随边界层和逆温条件改变,其中污染累积时段边界层高度较清洁时段降低近5倍,逆温强度超过1.5 ℃/(100 m),后续由逆温的减退和边界层抬升带来3 d清洁天气。

     

空气和废气监测中H2S标液的选择

有2种不同方法制备的H2S标准溶液进行测定,结果表明,所得标准曲线斜率一致,因此,在实际工作中可对其灵活运用。     

2,4-D mineralization in unsaturated and near-saturated surface soils of an undulating,cultivated Canadian prairie landscape

The herbicide 2,4-D [2,4-(dichlorophenoxy) acetic acid] is one of the most widely used pesticides in the Canadian prairies and is frequently detected as a ground and surface water contaminant. The objective of this paper was to determine the magnitude and extent of variation of 2,4-D mineralization in a cultivated undulating prairie landscape. Microcosm incubation experiments, using a 4 × 3 × 2 factorial experimental design (soil moisture, 4 levels: 60, 85, 110, 135% of field capacity; slope position, 3 levels: upper-, mid- and lower-slopes; soil depth, 2 levels: 0–5 and 5–15 cm), were used to assess 2,4-D mineralization. The first-order mineralization rate constant (k₁) varied from 0.03 to 0.22 day^{? 1}, while total 2,4-D mineralization varied from 31 to 52%. At near-saturated conditions (110 and 135% of field capacity), the onset of 2,4-D degradation was delayed in soil obtained from the upper- and mid-slopes but not in soils obtained from the lower-slope position. The k₁ and total 2,4-D mineralizationwas significantly influenced by all three factors and their interactions. The Freundlich sorption coefficient of 2,4-D ranged from 0.83 to 2.46 ug ^1–1/ng^{? 1} mL^1/n and was significantly influenced by variations in soil organic carbon content across slope positions. The infield variability of 2,4-D sorption and mineralization observed across slope positions in this undulating field was comparable in magnitude and extent to the regional variability of 2,4-D sorption and mineralization observed in surface soils across Manitoba. The large variability of 2,4-D mineralization and sorption at different slope positions in this cultivated undulating field suggests that landform segmentation models, which are used to delineate slope positions, are important considerations in pesticide fate studies.     

Cancer and Non-Cancer Health Risk from Eating Cassava Grown in Some Mining Communities in Ghana

Food crops such as cassava, cocoyam and other tuber crops grown in mining communities uptake toxic or hazardous chemicals such as arsenic, and cadmium, from the soil. Cassava is a stable food for Ghanaians. This study evaluated human health risk from eating cassava grown in some mining communities in Ghana such as Bogoso, Prestea, Tarkwa and Tamso, which are important mining towns in the Western Region of Ghana. The study evaluated cancer and non-cancer health effects from eating cassava grown in the study areas in accordance with US Environmental Protection Agency’s Risk Assessment guidelines. The results of the study revealed the following: cancer health risk for Tamso, 0.098 (RME – Reasonable Maximum Exposure) and 0.082 (CTE – Central Tendency Exposure). This means that approximately 10 and 8 out of 100 resident adults are likely to suffer from cancer related cases by RME and CTE parameters respectively. For Prestea, we have 0.010 and 0.12, which also means that approximately 1 out of 100 and 10 resident adults out of 100 are also likely to suffer from cancer related diseases by RME and CTE parameters. The results of the study obtained were found to be above the acceptable cancer risk range of 1× 10⁻⁶ to 1× 10⁻⁴, i.e., 1 case of cancer out of 1 million or 100,000 people respectively.     

陕北黄土区陡坡土壤水分变异规律研究

土壤水分是制约陕北黄土区陡坡林草植被建设主要限制因素,深入系统的研究陡坡土壤水分变异规律是科学开展林草植被建设的重要前提。目前,陡坡不同季节、不同坡向、不同坡度的土壤水分变异规律尚未见系统的研究。为此,本研究通过观测陕北黄土区坡面尺度的自然恢复流域陡坡土壤含水量,研究分析了陡坡土壤水分季节变化规律、陡坡土壤水分垂直变化规律,结果表明：（1）陕北黄土区陡坡的土壤水分消耗期、土壤水分积累期、土壤水分消退期和土壤水分稳定期分别对应3-6、7-9、10-11和12月-次年2月;（2）0~120 cm土层中0~60 cm土层土壤含水量变化活跃。土壤水分随着土层深度的增加而增加,且各层间的差异也越来越显著;（3）基于土壤水分的垂直变化规律,陡坡的土壤水分弱利用层、土壤水分利用层、土壤水分调节层分别为0~40、40~60和60~100 cm。（4）在垂直于陡坡坡面方向上,深度大于40~50 cm的土壤层能为植被生长提供良好的土壤水分环境,有利于人工植被建设在陡坡开展。     

Characterization of soil low-molecular-weight organic acids in the Karst rocky desertification region of Guizhou Province, China

Soil low-molecular-weight (LMW) organic acids play important roles in the soil-forming process and the cycling of nutrients in Karst regions. In this study, we quantified the contents of LMW organic acids (including lactate, acetate, formate, malate, and oxalate) in soil solution over the Karst region of Guizhou Province, China using ion chromatography. The concentration of total LMW organic acids in topsoil solution ranged from 0.358 to 1.823 μmol·g^-1, with an average of 0.912 μmol·g^-1. The mean concentrations of lactate, acetate, formate, malate, and oxalate were 0.212±0.089, 0.302±0.228, 0.301±0.214, 0.014±0.018 and 0.086±0.118 μmol·g^-1, respectively. There were also significant difference in the contents of these acids among four phases of rocky desertification, and their concentrations decreased with the aggravation of rocky desertification. The concentrations of the LMW organic acids were significantly positive correlated each other. Significant positive correlations were also observed among individual LMW organic acids in soil solution, and between them and soil available P, available K, exchangeable Ca, respectively. Furthermore, the concentrations of LMW organic acids were significantly positively correlated with inorganic anions (chlorides, nitrates, and sulfates) in Karst topsoil solution. Therefore, the concentrations of soil LMW organic acids might be one of driving force in the Karst rock desertification process in Guizhou Province.     

基于CDEM露天煤矿顺倾软岩边坡三维稳定性分析

为解决露天煤矿顺倾层状软岩边坡稳定性这一技术难题,基于连续介质离散元数值模拟方法,从理论上探讨了降深与清帮至不同位置对顺倾软岩边坡稳定性的影响。结合白音华一号矿南帮工程实例,针对各煤层降深及清帮方案,基于CDEM数值算法对边坡稳定性进行计算,对比分析了坡体位移、应力分布及演化特征,进而阐明多个弱层对复合边坡产生的叠加效应,以及清帮减载对边坡稳定性的影响。结果表明,白音华一号矿首采区南帮边坡变形不会对南排土场稳定性造成影响,揭露多个弱层对边坡变形与稳定性下降有一定的叠加效应,清帮不能显著提高边坡稳定性,但可减小作用在弱层上的法向应力和剪切应力,进而减缓滑坡发生的过程,提高边坡动态发展过程中的安全性。     

基于数量化理论Ⅱ的鄂西北山区坡面土壤侵蚀强度评价

水土流失既是资源问题,又是生态环境问题。土壤侵蚀对人类生存和发展构成了严重威胁,成为制约可持续发展的障碍因素。以鄂西北丹江口库区郧西县坡面径流小区为试验点,通过分析小区的实地观测数据,建立坡面土壤侵蚀定性评价指标体系,并将数量化理论II作为有效的数学方法,建立郧西县坡面径流小区土壤侵蚀强度评价模型,对参与建立模型的样本进行回归分析,其准判率达到800%以上,并且利用该模型对其他年份坡面土壤侵蚀强度实测数据进行对比验证,得到土壤侵蚀强度分级的精度较高。研究表明,建立的郧西县坡面径流小区土壤侵蚀强度评价模型有较好的适用性与可靠性,可为郧西县及类似自然地理环境的其他区域水保工作起到一定指导意义     

黔中石漠化地区不同土地利用方式对土壤环境的影响

在贵州省普定县喀斯特石漠化地区通过调查分析,对3种土地不同利用方式（Ⅰ封山育林地、Ⅱ退耕还林地、Ⅲ农耕地）土壤物理性质、化学性质及土壤种子库进行了研究。结果表明利用方式的不同对土壤物理性质、化学性质及土壤种子库均产生了显著的影响。土壤容重、土壤毛管孔隙度随土壤扰动的加剧而下降,表现为Ⅰ＞Ⅱ＞Ⅲ;土壤总孔隙度与非毛管孔隙度呈现出随土壤扰动程度增加而增加的趋势,表现为Ⅲ＞Ⅱ＞Ⅰ;不同层次之间容重的变异较小,土壤质地比较均一;Ⅱ土壤有机质低于类型Ⅲ和Ⅰ;Ⅰ初步形成了林地环境,林地土壤表现出良性转变。随土壤深度的增加,有机质、全氮、全磷、速效氮表现出减少的趋势,土壤扰动降低了土壤化学性质层次间变异。不同利用方式下土壤种子库物种组成变化不大,土壤中的种子集中分布在表层0～5 cm内,随土层的加深所含种子数量、物种数逐渐降低。不同利用类型的土壤种子数量在0～5 cm层次差异显著（〖WTBX〗p〖WTBZ〗=0.021 897）,种子种类差异不显著（〖WTBX〗p〖WTBZ〗=0.097 628）。土壤扰动促进种子向深层传播,退耕还林有利于土壤质量的恢复。     

红壤坡地水土保持植物措施下柑橘林地水文生态效应

根据江西水土保持生态科技园2001～2008年不同处理措施柑橘林地径流小区的降雨产流产沙的定位观测资料及2010年土壤含水量测试数据,分析了坡面尺度水土保持植物措施下柑橘林地的产流产沙及土壤水分的特征,研究了狗牙根带状覆盖、狗牙根全园覆盖、果园清耕3种措施下的蓄水保土效应。结果表明：有草被覆盖的柑橘林小区的产流产沙量明显小于柑橘清耕小区,狗牙根带状覆盖小区减流减沙效果最好,减流率为98.21%,减沙率为99.84%。在大部分土层深度,草被带状覆盖下的土壤水分含量最高,均大于清耕措施,而全园覆盖由于植物蒸腾耗水量大水分含量反而低于带状覆盖。条带植草是防治柑橘林地水土流失的有效措施,具有明显的减流减沙效应和蓄积水分作用