川中丘陵区紫色土坡耕地土壤侵蚀特征

利用137Cs示踪方法与耕作侵蚀模型评价了川中丘陵区紫色土坡耕地土壤侵蚀速率,并通过比较分析方法探讨了2种典型坡耕地-短陡坡与缓长坡耕地-土壤侵蚀特征差异。结果表明,短陡坡耕地土壤侵蚀速率高达52.6 t.hm-2.a-1,是缓长坡耕地土壤侵蚀速率（26.7 t.hm-2.a-1）的2倍。耕作侵蚀是短陡坡耕地的主要侵蚀过程,它整体性搬运土壤,其对土壤总侵蚀的贡献高达74%。水蚀是缓长坡耕地的主要侵蚀过程,其分选性搬运土壤,对土壤总侵蚀的贡献为55%。短陡坡耕地与缓长坡耕地土壤侵蚀速率均沿着向下坡方向逐渐降低,但短陡坡耕地土壤侵蚀速率下降梯度明显高于缓长坡耕地。耕作侵蚀导致两种坡耕地的坡顶土壤损失最为严重。因此,川中丘陵区的耕作侵蚀风险应该引起重视。     

MANAGING ROTATIONAL CANAL WATER SUPPLIES ON THE FARM1

ABSTRACT: A procedure to determine optimal irrigation scheduling strategies under rotational water delivery systems is presented. The methodology involves integration of water delivery amount and frequency, irrigation management strategies, evapotranspiration sequences and crop-evapotranspiration-production functions to arrive at an optimal irrigation strategy. Application of the methodology to a farm in the service area of Western Yamuna Canal (India) where a two-stage system of rotation, one among the irrigation channels and the other among the farmers, is in vogue, reveals that maximum production is obtained with water application in a rotational manner (RI) rather than with irrigation in every or alternate supply periods. Increase in mean water supply which can be effected through improvement in on-farm conveyance and application systems, has a greater effect on yield than decrease in variance of the supply. Benefit cost analyses indicates that precision land leveling is more cost effective in increasing water supply as compared to water-course lining.     

确定最优轮伐期的原则及数学模型

最优轮伐期的确定是林学中最古老也是最重要的问题之一。本文试图探索在我国现阶段确定森林轮伐期所应遵循的原则。提出了五条,即:生产原则,经济原则,生态原则,社会原则以及系统原则。 讨论了简单情况下确定轮伐期的数学模型,即生产模型,经济模型,林租模型,净收益模型,土地期望价模型,土地租价模型以及推广了的模型。简单讨论了这些模型的性质及相互关系。以期引起对此问题的深入讨论。     

三峡库区消落带农业活动对土壤汞变化的影响

针对三峡库区消落带退水期农业生产是否会对库区环境带来不利影响的问题,以分布面积较大、农业活动较为频繁的重庆市开州区渠口镇消落带为研究区域,选择种植水稻、玉米、蔬菜和未农用的草地4类消落带地块为研究对象,调查了不同利用地块表层土壤汞(Hg)的变化特征.结果表明,研究区域内土壤THg、有效态Hg(Hg-wh)和甲基汞(MeHg)平均含量分别为25.80~68.74、0.44~0.88和0.08~0.85 ng·g-1.未耕作土地表层土壤THg、Hg-wh和MeHg含量均高于耕作土地表层土壤,说明耕作扰动能够加速土壤Hg的流失.未耕作土壤与耕作土地表层土壤MeHg含量随着落干时长的增加均呈现先升高后降低的趋势,峰值大约出现在落干后1~2个月内,约为淹水末期的4倍,之后逐渐降低至相对稳定的水平.MeHg占THg比例(%MeHg)也呈现类似规律,峰值出现在落干后1个月左右,降到稳定水平时与淹水末期含量无显著性差异(P0.05).土壤%MeHg与Hg-wh含量呈显著性正相关关系(r=0.642,P0.01),而与THg含量没有显著相关性(P0.05),说明消落带土壤Hg甲基化主要受生物可利用性Hg形态的影响.     

森林采伐更新效益综合评价的几个基本问题

本文主要探讨以用材林为主的森林采伐更新效益综合评价的几个基本问题。论述了采伐更新的特点,提出了综合评价的三个主要方面,四条基本原则以及基本方法与指标体系。最后对采伐更新的生产效益、生态与社会效益评价的具体方法进行了探讨。     

电动生物修复中电极矩阵的优化设计

对电动生物修复中单对电极间的电场分布进行了模拟,并以此定义了修复的有效作用区.通过旋转叠加的方式,求出了各种电极矩阵构型的有效作用区分布,最后筛选出2种优化的电极构型,并通过小型实验加以验证.理论优化和实验结果表明,“中”字形和六边形分别是不同旋转方式下最优的电极构型.采用这2种电极构型,可节省电极材料费,同时保持系统的稳定性和污染物去除的均匀性,因而具有良好应用前景.     

The Arkansas Valley “Super Ditch”— An Analysis of Potential Economic Impacts1

McMahon, Tyler G. and Mark Griffin Smith, 2012. The Arkansas Valley “Super Ditch”— An Analysis of Potential Economic Impacts. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 00(0):000‐000. 1‐12. DOI: 10.1111/jawr.12005 Abstract: In Colorado’s Arkansas River basin, urban growth and harsh farming conditions have resulted in water transfers from agricultural to urban uses. Several studies have shown that these transfers have significant secondary economic impacts associated with the removal of irrigated land from production. In response, new methods of sharing water are being developed to allow water transfers that benefit both farm and urban economies, compared with previous permanent transfers that negatively impacted surrounding farm communities. One such project currently under development is the Arkansas Valley “Super Ditch,” which is a rotational crop fallowing plan based on long‐term water leasing designed to provide an annual supply of 25,000 acre‐feet of water (31.6 Mm³). This article analyzes the net benefits of implementing the “Super Ditch” for both the farmers and the surrounding community.     

保护性耕作对后茬冬小麦土壤CO2和N2O排放的影响

为研究保护性耕作对后茬冬小麦土壤CO2和N2O排放的影响,在前茬进行常规耕作(T)、免耕(NT)、免耕+秸秆覆盖(NTS)、常规耕作+秸秆施用(TS)这4种处理,采用静态箱-气相色谱法分析土壤CO2和N2O排放通量.结果表明,保护性耕作没有改变后茬土壤CO2和N2O排放的季节性规律,对冬小麦生物量无明显影响;保护性耕作显著减少了土壤CO2和N2O累积排放量.与T相比,TS、NT、NTS的全生育期土壤CO2累积排放量分别降低了5.95%(P=0.132)、12.94%(P=0.007)和13.91%(P=0.004),土壤N2O累积排放量分别减少了31.23%(P=0.000)、61.29%(P=0.000)和33.08%(P=0.000).本研究表明免耕与秸秆施用能减少后茬作物生长季土壤的CO2和N2O排放量.     

Responses of greenhouse gas fluxes to experimental warming in wheat season under conventional tillage and no-tillage fields

Understanding the effects of warming on greenhouse gas(GHG, such as N_2O, CH_4 and CO_2 )feedbacks to climate change represents the major environmental issue. However, little information is available on how warming effects on GHG fluxes in farmland of North China Plain(NCP). An infrared warming simulation experiment was used to assess the responses of N_2O, CH_4 and CO_2 to warming in wheat season of 2012–2014 from conventional tillage(CT) and no-tillage(NT) systems. The results showed that warming increased cumulative N_2O emission by 7.7% in CT but decreased it by 9.7% in NT fields(p 0.05). Cumulative CH_4 uptake and CO_2 emission were increased by 28.7%–51.7% and 6.3%–15.9% in both two tillage systems,respectively(p 0.05). The stepwise regressions relationship between GHG fluxes and soil temperature and soil moisture indicated that the supply soil moisture due to irrigation and precipitation would enhance the positive warming effects on GHG fluxes in two wheat seasons.However, in 2013, the long-term drought stress due to infrared warming and less precipitation decreased N_2O and CO_2 emission in warmed treatments. In contrast, warming during this time increased CH_4 emission from deep soil depth. Across two years wheat seasons, warming significantly decreased by 30.3% and 63.9% sustained-flux global warming potential(SGWP) of N_2O and CH_4 expressed as CO_2 equivalent in CT and NT fields, respectively. However, increase in soil CO_2 emission indicated that future warming projection might provide positive feedback between soil C release and global warming in NCP.     

氮肥运筹和少免耕对麦田氮素径流流失的影响

采用田间小区定位试验研究了自然降雨条件下氮肥运筹和少免耕措施对稻麦两熟农田麦季氮素径流流失特征的影响。结果表明:自然降雨后麦田耕层土壤平均水分质量分数26.34%为径流事件发生的临界土壤水分质量分数。常规施肥(T0)条件下,麦季径流水量达2185.05 m3·hm-2,径流侵蚀泥沙量达716.08 kg.hm-2,少免耕(T2)处理增加麦田径流水量达29.67%,减少径流侵蚀泥沙量达13.96%,而肥料运筹(T1)与T0处理差异不显著;就整个麦季而言,T0处理条件下,径流水全氮(TN)平均质量浓度和径流侵蚀泥沙TN平均质量分数分别为10.51 mg·L-1和1.19 g·kg-1,T1处理显著降低径流水TN质量浓度和侵蚀泥沙TN质量分数分别达11.63%和5.93%,T2处理显著降低径流侵蚀泥沙TN质量分数达7.95%;麦季氮素径流流失主要集中在小麦生育前期,包括径流水氮素流失量和径流侵蚀过程中由泥沙流失的氮素量。T0处理条件下,氮素流失总量达31.76 kg·hm-2,其中,径流水氮素流失量占麦季氮素总流失量95%以上,T1处理减少麦季氮素总流失量达9.25%,而T2处理则增加麦季氮素总流失量达16.75%...