电动生物修复中电极矩阵的优化设计

对电动生物修复中单对电极间的电场分布进行了模拟,并以此定义了修复的有效作用区.通过旋转叠加的方式,求出了各种电极矩阵构型的有效作用区分布,最后筛选出2种优化的电极构型,并通过小型实验加以验证.理论优化和实验结果表明,“中”字形和六边形分别是不同旋转方式下最优的电极构型.采用这2种电极构型,可节省电极材料费,同时保持系统的稳定性和污染物去除的均匀性,因而具有良好应用前景.     

Developing a sustainable agro-system for central Nepal using reduced tillage and straw mulching

In Nepal, soil erosion under maize (Zea mays) agro-ecosystems is most critical during the pre-monsoon season. Very few field experiments have been conducted on reduced tillage and rice straw (Oryza sativa) mulching, although these conservation approaches have been recommended. Thus, a five replicate field experiment was established in 2001 at Kathmandu University (1500 m above sea level) on land with 18% slope to evaluate the efficiency of reduced tillage and mulching on soil and nutrient losses and maize yield. The results showed non-significant differences among conservation approaches on runoff and maize yield. Mulching and reduced tillage significantly lowered annual and pre-monsoon soil and nutrient losses compared to conventional tillage. Soil organic matter (SOM) and nitrogen losses associated with eroded sediment were significantly higher in conventional tillage. However, due to limited availability and high opportunity cost of rice straw, reduced tillage would be a better option for soil and nutrient conservation without sacrificing economic yield in upland maize agro-ecosystems.     

森林采伐更新效益综合评价的几个基本问题

本文主要探讨以用材林为主的森林采伐更新效益综合评价的几个基本问题。论述了采伐更新的特点,提出了综合评价的三个主要方面,四条基本原则以及基本方法与指标体系。最后对采伐更新的生产效益、生态与社会效益评价的具体方法进行了探讨。     

Responses of greenhouse gas fluxes to experimental warming in wheat season under conventional tillage and no-tillage fields

Understanding the effects of warming on greenhouse gas(GHG, such as N_2O, CH_4 and CO_2 )feedbacks to climate change represents the major environmental issue. However, little information is available on how warming effects on GHG fluxes in farmland of North China Plain(NCP). An infrared warming simulation experiment was used to assess the responses of N_2O, CH_4 and CO_2 to warming in wheat season of 2012–2014 from conventional tillage(CT) and no-tillage(NT) systems. The results showed that warming increased cumulative N_2O emission by 7.7% in CT but decreased it by 9.7% in NT fields(p 0.05). Cumulative CH_4 uptake and CO_2 emission were increased by 28.7%–51.7% and 6.3%–15.9% in both two tillage systems,respectively(p 0.05). The stepwise regressions relationship between GHG fluxes and soil temperature and soil moisture indicated that the supply soil moisture due to irrigation and precipitation would enhance the positive warming effects on GHG fluxes in two wheat seasons.However, in 2013, the long-term drought stress due to infrared warming and less precipitation decreased N_2O and CO_2 emission in warmed treatments. In contrast, warming during this time increased CH_4 emission from deep soil depth. Across two years wheat seasons, warming significantly decreased by 30.3% and 63.9% sustained-flux global warming potential(SGWP) of N_2O and CH_4 expressed as CO_2 equivalent in CT and NT fields, respectively. However, increase in soil CO_2 emission indicated that future warming projection might provide positive feedback between soil C release and global warming in NCP.     

耕作方式对紫色水稻土团聚体中有机质及重金属的分布特征影响

通过长期定位试验,研究了常规平作(FPF)和水旱轮作(PR)这2种耕作方式下紫色水稻土不同粒径(1~2、0.25~1、0.05~0.25、0.05 mm)团聚体中有机质和重金属(Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、Fe和Mn)的含量和分布特征,探讨了不同粒径团聚体中重金属与有机质的关系.结果表明,两种耕作方式下团聚体粒径组成均以0.05~0.25 mm和0.05 mm为主,土壤和各粒径团聚体中有机质含量均为常规平作高于水旱轮作,且随粒径的减小而降低.耕作方式对土壤重金属含量的影响不显著,但相比于PR,FPF有助于团聚体、有机质和重金属在1~2 mm和0.25~1 mm大粒径团聚体中聚集,降低其在0.05 mm和0.05~0.25 mm粒径团聚体中的分布.相关分析表明,土壤团聚体中重金属含量与有机质的含量呈负相关,它们的总量却呈正相关关系.同一耕作方式下,重金属对有机质变化的敏感程度为MnZnPbCuFeCd,而同一重金属元素对有机质变化的反应则为PR较FPF更敏感.     

论锡林郭勒盟2006～2010年沙尘暴发生情况及原因分析

沙尘天气是一种灾害性天气,它不仅对于气候和生态系统产生重要影响,而且对工农业生产,交通、建筑设施、人民生命财产等造成严重危害,可谓是现今最重大的气象和环境灾害之一。锡林郭勒盟是遭受沙尘危害的重灾区,通过对2006-2010年期间的沙尘天气的发生情况的研究,总结沙尘天气产生的原因及相应对策。     

改性甘薯渣对亚甲基蓝的吸附特性及吸附机制

以甘薯渣作为材料,针对亚甲基蓝溶液初始浓度、溶液pH、改性甘薯渣加入量、吸附温度、吸附时间各因素对吸附率的影响进行实验,进一步对影响显著的初始浓度、加入量、时间采用二次正交旋转组合设计优化,得到浓度80 mg·L-1、加入量1.0 g、时间1 h时预测最大吸附率96.25%,实测95.89%,二者吻合。改性甘薯渣对亚甲基蓝吸附过程符合Freundlich等温式及准二级动力学模型,说明其吸附过程由化学速率控制的多位点物理化学混合吸附。据Langmuir等温式计算饱和吸附量为20.16 mg·g-1。SEM观测得知改性甘薯渣处理后疏松多孔的表面有利于吸附。经FTIR可知,羟基、羧基在吸附过程中有主要作用。     

农户黑土地保护性耕作行为决策：价值感知抑或政策驱动?

在黑土耕地质量退化问题日益严重的现实背景下,利用吉林省黑土区680户农户调查数据,分析价值感知和政策工具对农户黑土地保护性耕作行为的影响,并分析其作用机理及内在逻辑。研究表明：价值感知对农户黑土地保护性耕作行为决策具有显著影响,而政策工具对农户黑土地保护性耕作行为决策的驱动作用有限,但政策工具通过其调节作用能够增强利益感知对农户黑土地保护性耕作行为的促进作用,同时弱化风险感知对农户黑土地保护性耕作行为的抑制作用,显著增加了价值感知对农户黑土地保护性耕作行为决策的正向影响。因此在推进农户黑土地保护性耕作行为的过程中,充分发挥农户价值感知的内在激励作用,强化政策工具的外在驱动力,把握政策工具对价值感知的调节作用对推进农户参与黑土地保护性耕作行为具有重要意义。     

采用保护性耕作对减少水稻产量损失的实证分析——基于4省1080个稻农的调研数据

干旱和洪涝是造成水稻减产最主要的自然灾害,稻农通过采用保护性耕作可以减少其对水稻的产量损失。基于2013—2015年中国水稻主产区1 080个水稻农户的调研面板数据,论文采用内生转换模型,实证分析了稻农通过采用保护性耕作应对干旱或洪涝的效果,并分别估计了采用者和未采用者的水稻单产情况。实证结果表明:1)采用者的水稻单产远远高于未采用者的水稻单产;2)在反事实假设情况下,如果采用者未采用保护性耕作,其水稻产量将相应减产457.95 kg/hm~2(约7%);如果未采用者采用保护性耕作,其水稻产量将相应增产225 kg/hm~2(约4%);3)户主种植经验、受教育年限和公共服务可得性正向影响稻农的采用行为。最后,论文建议政府应大力推广保护性耕作技术,加大对抗逆水稻品种的培育,加强对农业生产资料的投入和管理,扩大公共服务的覆盖范围。     

Assessment of soil quality under different tillage practices during wheat cultivation: soil enzymes and microbial biomass

Microbial processes, particularly enzyme activities, play crucial functional roles in soil ecology, hence serving as sensitive indicators of soil quality. We assessed the temporal dynamics of microbial biomass and selected soil enzymes (β-d-glucosidase, cellobiohydrolase, polyphenol oxidase, urease, glycine-aminopeptidase and alkaline phosphatase) during wheat cultivation, under four different tillage practices in the rice–wheat system. The four practices involved conventional tilling of soil before cultivating each crop (CTR-CTW); no tilling before cultivating rice but conventional tillage before wheat (NTR-CTW); conventional tilling before cultivating rice but no tilling before wheat (CTR-NTW) and no tilling before cultivation of each crop (NTR-NTW). Microbial biomass and activities of hydrolytic enzymes increased under NTR-NTW followed by CTR-NTW and NTR-CTW with respect to the conventional practice CTR-CTW, thus reflecting improvement in microbial activities with reduced tillage frequency. Enzyme activities generally depended on soil moisture and temperature, but nature of relationships varied among different practices. Nutrient demand appeared to be the strongest driver of alkaline phosphatase and urease, and soil temperature for glycine-aminopeptidase. Under CTR-CTW, activities of most of the extracellular enzymes were related with β-d-glucosidase or urease, but such relations altered under rest of the practices. The study showed that extracellular soil enzymes respond sensitively to tillage practices as well as environmental variables, particularly soil temperature and moisture and hence can serve as a sensitive indicator of changes in soil processes. Considering improvement in microbial biomass and enzymatic activities as indicators of better soil quality, adoption of no tillage apparently improved soil quality. Still, more number of field studies are required under tillage managements to explore the relationships between different enzyme activities and environmental factors.