中国城市道路路面径流研究

随着我国城市化的进程,城市建筑用地面积逐步增加,城市道路系统是城市地表的主要组成,在给城市带来便利的时候还产生了一些问题,城市道路路面径流便是其中之一,作为城市地表径流的重要形式,其问题愈加凸显。本文以超渗地表产流模型为基础,经过改进提出了城市道路路面径流模型。通过对这一模型的分析研究,阐述了路面径流中存在的问题并提出了几点在现阶段可行的改进措施,以期对城市建设尤其是城市道路系统的建设起到指导作用。     

某校区路面径流污染特性和控制措施的研究

以某校区的水体（A水库、B湖）为受纳水体,对降雨产生的路面径流及A水库和B湖水体进行采样,水质分析项目分别为pH、COD（化学需氧量）、SS（悬浮物）、TN（总氮）、TP（总磷）。以COD、SS作为主要的水质分析项目进行比较分析,确定路面降雨径流污染的主要特征,径流污染对校园水库、湖泊水质的影响。经过比较分析,提出采用植被控制法作为该校区路面径流污染控制措施对受纳水体进行保护。     

Classification of different sustainable flood retention basin types

Using a revised version of a previously published expert classification system, a database of potential Sustainable Flood Retention Basins has been developed for Scotland. The research shows that the majority of small and former (often old) drinking water reservoirs are kept full and their spillways are continuously in operation. Utilising some of the available capacity to contribute to flood control could significantly reduce the costs of complying with the European Union Flood Directive. Furthermore, the application of a previously developed classification model for Baden in Germany for the Scottish data set showed a lower diversity for basins in Scotland due to less developed infrastructure. The classification system appears to be robust and has the potential, with minor modifications, to be applied across Europe. The principle value of this approach is a clear and unambiguous categorisation, based on standard variables, which can help to promote communication and understanding between stakeholders.     

Multiple linear regression models of urban runoff pollutant load and event mean concentration considering rainfall variables

Rainfall is an important factor in estimating the event mean concentration (EMC) which is used to quantify the washed-off pollutant concentrations from non-point sources (NPSs). Pollutant loads could also be calculated using rainfall, catchment area and runoff coefficient. In this study, runoff quantity and quality data gathered from a 28-month monitoring conducted on the road and parking lot sites in Korea were evaluated using multiple linear regression (MLR) to develop equations for estimating pollutant loads and EMCs as a function of rainfall variables. The results revealed that total event rainfall and average rainfall intensity are possible predictors of pollutant loads. Overall, the models are indicators of the high uncertainties of NPSs; perhaps estimation of EMCs and loads could be accurately obtained by means of water quality sampling or a long term monitoring is needed to gather more data that can be used for the development of estimation models.     

高速公路路面径流沉降过程中重金属去除特性

在对南京机场高速公路令桥段2008年2月~2009年2月15场降雨事件初期路面径流进行自由沉降试验的基础上,考察了自由沉降过程中Cu、Zn、Cd、Pb 4种重金属的去除率随时间的变化特征.同时,重点分析了重金属去除与截留沉速和悬浮固体(SS)去除的关系,并探讨了降雨特征和径流pH值对重金属去除特性的影响.结果表明,沉降开始30min内Cu、Zn、Cd、Pb去除率增长迅速,30min去除率均占2h总去除率的60%以上.Pb的2h平均去除率最高,可达25.62％,Cu、Cd和Zn的2h平均去除率分别为21.20%、19.97%和19.10%.同一重金属的沉降去除率每提高10%,截留沉速范围及上限值减少5倍左右.截留沉速相同时,Pb的去除效果最好,Cd、Cu、Zn的去除效果相差不大.SS与Cu、Zn、Cd、Pb沉降去除率之间的相关性存在差异,Pb多数以颗粒态形式存在,因而SS与Pb沉降去除率相关系数最大,其相关系数为0.8126(p=0.0002）;SS与Cd、Cu、Zn沉降去除率的相关系数分别为0.6871、0.6804、0.7653.路面径流pH值对重金属去除特性的影响显著,与4种重金属沉降去除率均呈正相关,且与Zn、Cd、Pb的相关系数均大于0.5;Zn主要以溶解态形式存在,因而Zn沉降去除率受pH值影响最明显,两者在0.05水平上显著相关(p=0.029).     

Determining the robust optimal set of BMPs for urban runoff management in data-poor catchments

Mismanagement of urban runoff can result in inundation which causes serious problems in providing urban services. Best management practices (BMPs) are used for urban runoff management. In this study, a method is proposed to determine the robust optimal set of BMPs for runoff management in data-poor catchments in urban areas. This method includes five main steps: (1) Sensitivity analysis to determine effective parameters in rainfall-runoff simulation model, (2) Calibration of the rainfall-runoff model based on selected effective parameters, (3) Developing a multi-objective optimization model to obtain the optimal sets of BMPs, (4) Selecting the final solutions using the Nash approach for ranking, (5) Evaluation of the robustness of the selected solution using the Management Option Rank Equivalence method. The proposed method is examined in an urban basin located in the north of Tehran, Iran. The results show that the proposed approach provides reliable results for urban runoff management in data-poor areas.     

暴雨径流污染负荷计算的响应函数模型

暴雨径流污染具有影响面广,监测、控制和处理困难而复杂的特点,其负荷定量化是进行治理与控制的重要基础与中心环节。从我国的实际出发,建立了一个完整的流域暴雨径流污染负荷模型,包括降雨径流模型、流域产污模型与污染物迁移转化模型。野外实测资料检验表明,该模型具有计算简便、精度高、适应性强的特点。重点论述暴雨径流过程中的污染物迁移转化模型     

A Comparison of Precipitation Sensors Used on the Wet-Only Collectors

The variability in performance of three precipitation sensor types, mounted on three identical wet-only collectors, has been compared for eight months at a single site. The catch efficiencies, determined from the sample volumes, are relatively high for these three apparatuses, since they exceed 89% on average. The recorded data of openings and closings of collector lids reveal that the highest losses of collection efficiency, observed for rainfalls of low intensity and low amount, are largely imputable to design and running characteristics of each sensor. Ionic compositions between the samples of these three collectors are relatively close, although significant differences are especially found for H⁺, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺ and K⁺, suggesting that these apparatuses are differently exposed to the dry deposition of soil particles. The RS 85 sensor seems to be the most suitable one of the three, since it ensures a high catch efficiency for all rain types and tends to limit the exposures of funnel to the dry deposition.     

EVALUATION OF RUNOFF,EROSION, AND PHOSPHORUS MODELING SYSTEM—SIMPLE1

ABSTRACT: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the performance of Spatially Integrated Models for Phosphorus Loading and Erosion (SIMPLE) in predicting runoff volume, sediment loss, and phosphorus loading from two watersheds. The modeling system was applied to the 334 ha QOD subwatershed, part of the Owl Run watershed, located in Fauquier County, Virginia, and to the 2240 ha watershed, Battle Branch, located in Delaware County, Oklahoma. Simulation runs were conducted at cell and field scales, and simulation results were compared with observed data. Runoff volume and dissolved phosphorus loading were measured at the Battle Branch watershed. Runoff volume, sediment yield, and total phosphorus loading were measured at the QOD site. SIMPLE tended to underestimate runoff volumes during the dormant period, from November to March. The comparison between observed and predicted dissolved phosphorus showed better correlation than for observed and predicted total phosphorus loading. Cell level simulations provided similar estimates of runoff volume and phosphorus loading when compared to field level simulations for both watersheds. However, observed sediment yields better compared with the values predicted from the cell level simulation when compared to field level simulation. Finally, results of model evaluation indicated that SIMPLE's predictive ability is acceptable for screening applications but not for site-specific quantitative predictions.     

STAKEHOLDER INVOLVEMENT AND SOCIAL CAPITAL: KEYS TO WATERSHED MANAGEMENT SUCCESS IN ALABAMA1

ABSTRACT: Forces driving the initiation of watershed management activities in Alabama have ranged from top-down, agency-led initiatives to bottom-up, citizen-led initiatives. A number of watershed projects in Alabama were examined including three NPS projects funded by U.S. EPA grants and a more comprehensive locally-initiated watershed management authority. Watershed projects were categorized into four different models. Factors which produced significant differences in the development and utilization of social capital and local capacities for watershed management were investigated. The success of watershed management initiatives was examined qualitatively and appears to correlate with a number of social factors. These factors include the extent of stakeholder involvement, the availability of social capital in the watershed, and the presence of a real or perceived water resource concern or problem. Both short term project success and the longer term prognosis for continued watershed management activities seems to depend most upon the amount of social capital in the watershed. Two major changes in resource management programs and organizations could lead to increased focus on and support for local watershed management initiatives. These are reorganization of resource management agencies around watershed units, and assignment of at least one staff person in each watershed unit to watershed management.