北京市六环内绿色空间滞蓄雨水径流功能的变化评估

面对日益频发的城市内涝问题,科学认识绿色空间控制雨水径流的作用具有重要意义。论文以北京市六环内区域为研究区,评估了2000-2010年绿色空间滞蓄雨水径流的功能及其变化。结果表明：2000-2010年北京城市绿色空间减少198.49 km²,主要表现为农田和荒草地面积减小,五到六环内绿色空间缩减最为严重,且最大斑块指数（LPI）和聚集度指数（AI）均减小,景观破碎化趋势明显。绿色空间夏季滞蓄雨水径流量由2000年的1.32×10⁸ m³增加到2010年的1.46×10⁸ m³,但雨水滞蓄率相应地由23.43%下降到16.89%,这与绿色空间面积减小和景观格局变化有关。此外,五到六环内绿色空间滞蓄雨水径流能力最高,滞蓄率高达22%~32%,且逐年呈降低趋势;二到三环内绿色空间滞蓄雨水能力最低,需要重点加强暴雨内涝防治。这主要与不同环路内绿色空间的面积和斑块连通性有关。因此,建议优化调整北京市六环内绿色空间的组成结构和景观格局,充分发挥其滞蓄雨水径流功能,以降低城市内涝风险。     

上海城市屋面径流PAHs赋存特征及其生态风险评价

为研究城市屋面径流中16种US EPA优控多环芳烃(PAHs)的污染特征,采集并分析了上海3次降雨事件典型屋面径流中颗粒相和溶解相PAHs的质量浓度,对屋面径流中PAHs的质量浓度特征、动态变化过程、来源解析以及潜在的生态风险进行了分析与讨论.结果表明,屋面径流中溶解相∑16PAHs的质量浓度为33.9~581.5ng/L,颗粒相PAHs的质量浓度为134.6~27528ng/L,3种屋面径流PAHs含量基本为:瓦屋面>水泥屋面>沥青屋面;不同类型的屋面径流中PAHs组分具有明显的相似性,均以3~4环组分为主,苯并[a]芘BaP的场次降雨事件平均浓度(EMC)值为17.4~378.5ng/L,超过我国规定的污水中BaP排放标准.源解析结果表明,瓦屋面径流中PAHs的主要来源为机动车排放源和燃煤源;沥青屋面和水泥屋面径流中PAHs主要来源于机动车排放源、燃煤源和石油类泄露和挥发源.屋面径流中PAHs毒性当量浓度为6.08~16.86ng/L,超过我国规定的标准限值,对环境存在一定的危害,应引起足够的重视.     

大管径真空排水技术在雨水泵站中的应用与数值分析

针对传统雨水泵站存在的问题,介绍了大管径真空排水技术在雨水泵站应用中的独特优势及具体实施方法。为研究其排水过程中的流态分布、流体动力学性能,建立了典型管道的数值模型,采用κ-ξ紊流模型及Vof方法,对其进行了非稳态数值模拟,分析了两相流在大管径管道充水过程中的气液流动特性。结果表明:大管径排水过程中存在分层流、气泡流及波浪流,并在弯管附近出现短暂集气现象;液相在倾斜管路中有短暂流速停滞现象,随着压差的推进,最终在管道中形成液相满管流。     

极端暴雨条件下广东北江重金属污染特征

以2012年“6.25”暴雨径流过程为对象,研究广东省北江上游高桥断面在极端暴雨条件下水体理化性质与ρ(Pb)、ρ(Cu)、ρ(Zn)、ρ(Cd)(均为溶解态,下同)的变化过程;基于相关分析法,分析北江水质对水文过程的响应关系及各指标间的内联特点. 结果表明:暴雨径流期间,北江水质呈“大流量、高浓度”的特征. 暴雨径流发生前后4个典型阶段中,阶段Ⅰ(局部产流期)ρ(Cd)、ρ(Pb)仅为(0.48±0.09)和(1.91±0.29)μg/L,ρ(Cu)与ρ(Zn)基本未检出;阶段Ⅱ(以地表径流为主的全流域产流期)ρ(Cd)、ρ(Pb)、ρ(Cu)与ρ(Zn)均迅速上升,最高分别达1.80、12.34、6.18、52.57 μg/L;阶段Ⅲ(以浅层地下水径流为主的全流域产流期)重金属质量浓度整体较洪水期有所下降,但ρ(Pb)仍高于阶段Ⅰ正常水平,ρ(Zn)、ρ(Cu)和ρ(Cd)则低于阶段Ⅰ;阶段Ⅳ(深层地下水产流期)ρ(Cu)与ρ(Zn)已回落至未检出水平,ρ(Cd)持续下降,低于阶段Ⅲ和阶段Ⅰ,ρ(Pb)较阶段Ⅲ有所下降,但仍高于阶段Ⅰ. 暴雨径流期间,溶解态重金属质量浓度与流量及浊度间呈显著正相关(P<0.01),ρ(Zn)与ρ(Pb)、ρ(Cd)的相关系数均在0.85以上(P<0.01).      

城市雨水问题与可持续发展对策

城市化的快速发展带来了一系列的雨水问题,如雨水径流污染、水资源严重短缺、洪灾风险加大等,雨水是城市可持续发展的关键问题之一。通过对近年来北京城区雨水水质与水量的监测和分析,根据城市可持续发展的总体要求,提出了解决城市雨水问题的指导思想和对策。     

洞庭湖区土地利用变化对地表产流的影响分析

利用20世纪80年代末期和90年代末期获取的陆地资源卫星图像,通过GIS分析方法,对洞庭湖区近10年的土地利用／覆盖变化进行了统计分析。并以1996年7月日降雨资料分别计算了1989年和1999年土地利用状况下区域的产水量。结果表明：洞庭湖区10年间土地利用变化的主要趋势是耕地面积减少和建设用地、水域面积的增加。土地利用的主要转化方式有水田转化为建设用地、水田转化为水域、林地转化为建设用地以及旱地转化为建设用地。同样的降雨条件下,洞庭湖区1999年下垫面状况下的产水量比1989年多206×105 m3,建设用地面积的增加是这一时期产水量增加的主要原因。土地利用的变化影响汛期产水量和汇流速度,加强洪泛区的土地管理,合理控制调整土地利用状况是减轻洪涝灾害威胁的有效手段。     

Effects of alfalfa coverage on runoff, erosion and hydraulic characteristics of overland flow on loess slope plots

An evaluation of the interactions between vegetation, overland and soil erosion can provide valuable insight for the conservation of soil and water. An experiment was conducted to study water infiltration, runoff generation process, rate of sediment erosion, and hydrodynamic characteristics of overland flow from a sloping hillside with different draw-off discharges from alfalfa and control plots with 20° slope. The effect of alfalfa on runoff and sediment transport reduction was quantitatively analyzed. Alfalfa was discussed for its ability to reduce the overland flow scouring force or change the runoff movement. Compared to the bare-soil plots, alfalfa plots generated a 1.77 times increase in infiltration rate. Furthermore, the down-slope water infiltration rate for the bare soil plots was higher than in the up-slope, while the opposite was found in the alfalfa plots. In addition, alfalfa had a significant effect on runoff and sediment yield. In comparison to the control, the runoff coefficient and sediment transportation rate decreased by 28.3% and 78.4% in the grass slope, respectively. The runoff generated from the alfalfa and bare-soil plots had similar trends with an initial increase and subsequent leveling to a steady-state rate. The transport of sediment reduced with time as a consequence of the depletion of loose surface materials. The maximum sediment concentration was recorded within the first few minutes of each event. The alfalfa plots had subcritical flow while the bare-soil plots had supercritical flow, which indicate that the capability of the alfalfa slope for resisting soil erosion and sediment movement was greater than for bare soil plots. Moreover, the flow resistance coefficient and roughness coefficient for the alfalfa plots were both higher than for the bare-soil plots, which indicate that overland flow in alfalfa plots had retarded and was blocked, and the flow energy along the runoff path had gradually dissipated. Finally, the ability to erode and transport sediment had decreased.     

Oxidative stress in the freshwater cyprinid crucian carp (Carassius carassius L.) upon chronic exposure to endosulfan

Oxidative stress and antioxidant responses of crucian carp, upon chronic exposure to endosulfan, were evaluated in vivo. The lethal concentration (LC_50–96?h) was 70 μg L^?1; on its basis, the fish were exposed to endosulfan at 20, 35, and 50 μg L^?1 and autopsy was done on days 1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 14, 21, 28, and 35. Lipid peroxidation was induced in a concentration-dependent manner, being highest at 50 μg L^?1 (3/4 LC_{50–96 h}, sub-lethal concentration-I, SL-I) on day 4 (720% versus control), followed in its extent (490%) at 30 μg L^?1 (1/2 LC_{50–96 h}, sub-lethal concentration-II, SL-II) on day 7 and lowest (260%) at 10 μg L^?1 (1/4 LC_{50–96 h}, sub-lethal concentration-III, SL-III) on day 14. Glutathione showed a concentration- and time-dependent elevation in the initial phase, with highest level on day 4 (180%) at SL-I, but showed significant reduction in all test concentrations from day 21 of post-exposure. Superoxide dismutase was decreased significantly throughout the study, with highest reduction (63%) on day 4 at SL-I; catalase increased in all test concentrations up to day 14 but showed a significant decrease from the day 28 of post-exposure. The potential role of these parameters as indicators of pesticide pollution in aquatic systems is discussed.     

Relationships between runoff and land degradation on non-cultivated land in the Middle Hills of Nepal

SUMMARY

Rainfall-surface water runoff relationships have been examined for 912 rainfall events during the 1992 and 1993 monsoon seasons on 15 erosion plots on a variety of non-cultivated land uses in the Middle Hills, Nepal. Vegetation cover and type examined ranged from grassland and relatively undisturbed mixed broadleaf forest to subtropical Sal forest, in various states of degradation, and bare ground. Runoff was frequently generated on most plots and often by relatively small rainfall amounts (less than 5 mm) and low rainfall intensities (3 mm/h). Ground cover and canopy cover were significant factors in determining amounts of runoff. Runoff coefficients ranged from 1–2% under grassland and mixed broadleaf forest to 57–64% on the bare sites. Coefficients for Sal forest were between these two extremes; specific values depended on the level of degradation induced by human activity. The most degraded forest sites experienced runoff coefficients of 33%. Ground cover beneath the trees, especially leaf litter, was more effective in reducing runoff than the amount of canopy cover. Canopy cover was more effective during the less intense storms but was ineffective when the rainfall intensity was high. The results suggest that a minimum ground cover of 60% will keep runoff to within 10% of total rainfall amounts for most normal monsoons in the Middle Hills. This will also reduce the risk of gullying and surface soil erosion. It is the nature of the forest that is important and not its total area. In the study area, although the total area under forest had not changed, some of the forest had become more degraded with a corresponding increase in mean runoff rates. Increased runoff can occur even if the area under forest increases. Estimates of levels of degradation based solely on changing forest areas are likely to be inaccurate.     

降雨中有机氯农药土壤-水界面迁移过程的实验模拟

以人工降雨实验模拟的方法,对有机氯农药在降雨过程中非点源污染的产生进行了研究.结果表明,在降雨过程中,表层径流中有机氯农药的输出量高于土壤渗流液.土壤径流中有机氯农药浓度的输出呈现先下降后平缓的趋势.土壤有机质影响着降雨过程中有机氯农药浓度的输出变化趋势.泥炭土径流中有机氯农药的输出量相对较高.有机氯农药残留总量沿土壤剖面的总体变化趋势为随深度增加而下降,其峰值出现在0—5 cm,反映了污染物的转移规律.泥炭土中有机氯农药的残留量最低.泥炭土、黄褐土和风沙土中有机氯农药含量的峰值均出现在第2次和第3次采样时间,但在30 d后有机氯农药的残留量仍较高,表明有机氯农药在土壤中残留时间长,可能存在着一定的生态风险.